Publication 550 (2015) INVESTMENT INCOME AND EXPENSES
Publication 550 (2015)
- Institutional AuthorsInternal Revenue Service
- Jurisdictions
- LanguageEnglish
Future Developments
For the latest information about developments related to Pub. 550, such as legislation enacted after it was published, go to http://www.irs.gov/pub550.
Form 1099-INT. A new box 13 has been added to Form 1099-INT to report bond premium on tax-exempt bonds. All later boxes were renumbered. For a tax-exempt covered security acquired at a premium, box 13 shows the amount of bond premium amortization allocable to the interest paid during the tax year. If a net amount of interest appears in box 8 or 9, whichever is applicable, box 13 should be blank.
Net investment income tax (NIIT). Beginning in 2013, you may be subject to the NIIT. The NIIT applies at a rate of 3.8% to certain net investment income of individuals, estates, and trusts that have income above statutory threshold amounts. See Net investment income tax (NIIT), later.
Mutual fund distributions. Pub. 564, Mutual Fund Distributions, has been incorporated into this publication.
Foreign source income. If you are a U.S. citizen with investment income from sources outside the United States (foreign income), you must report that income on your tax return unless it is exempt by U.S. law. This is true whether you reside inside or outside the United States and whether or not you receive a Form 1099 from the foreign payer.
Employee stock options. If you received an option to buy or sell stock or other property as payment for your services, see Pub. 525, Taxable and Nontaxable Income, for the special tax rules that apply.
Photographs of missing children. The Internal Revenue Service is a proud partner with the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. Photographs of missing children selected by the Center may appear in this publication on pages that would otherwise be blank. You can help bring these children home by looking at the photographs and calling 1-800-THE-LOST (1-800-843-5678) if you recognize a child.
This publication provides information on the tax treatment of investment income and expenses. It includes information on the tax treatment of investment income and expenses for individual shareholders of mutual funds or other regulated investment companies, such as money market funds. It explains what investment income is taxable and what investment expenses are deductible. It explains when and how to show these items on your tax return. It also explains how to determine and report gains and losses on the disposition of investment property and provides information on property trades and tax shelters.
TIP: The glossary at the end of this publication defines many of the terms used.
Investment income. This generally includes interest, dividends, capital gains, and other types of distributions including mutual fund distributions.
Investment expenses. These include interest paid or incurred to acquire investment property and expenses to manage or collect income from investment property.
Qualified retirement plans and IRAs. The rules in this publication do not apply to investments held in individual retirement arrangements (IRAs), section 401(k) plans, and other qualified retirement plans. The tax rules that apply to retirement plan distributions are explained in the following publications.
•
Pub. 560, Retirement Plans for Small Business.
• Pub. 571, Tax-Sheltered Annuity Plans.
• Pub. 575, Pension and Annuity Income.
• Pub. 590-A, Contributions to Individual Retirement Arrangements (IRAs).
• Pub. 590-B, Distributions from Individual Retirement Arrangements (IRAs).
• Pub. 721, Tax Guide to U.S. Civil Service Retirement Benefits.
Comments and suggestions.
We welcome your comments about this publication and your suggestions for future editions.
You can send us comments from http://www.irs.gov/formspubs. Click on "More Information" and then on "Give us feedback."
Or you can write to:
Internal Revenue Service
Tax Forms and Publications 1111 Constitution Ave. NW, IR-6526 Washington, DC 20224
We respond to many letters by telephone. Therefore, it would be helpful if you would include your daytime phone number, including the area code, in your correspondence.
Although we cannot respond individually to each comment received, we do appreciate your feedback and will consider your comments as we revise our tax products.
Ordering forms and publications. Visit http://www.irs.gov/formspubs to download forms and publications. Otherwise, you can go to http://www.irs.gov/orderforms to order current and prior-year forms and instructions. Your order should arrive within 10 business days.
Tax questions. If you have a tax question not answered by this publication, check IRS.gov and How To Get Tax Help at the end of this publication.
Topics
This chapter discusses:
•
Interest Income,
• Discount on Debt Instruments,
• When To Report Interest Income,
• How To Report Interest Income,
• Dividends and Other Distributions,
• How To Report Dividend Income,
• Stripped Preferred Stock,
• Real estate mortgage investment conduits (REMICs), financial asset securitization investment trusts (FASITs), and other collateralized debt obligations (CDOs),
• S Corporations, and
• Investment Clubs.
Useful Items
You may want to see:
Publication
•
Publication 525Taxable and Nontaxable Income
• Publication 537 Installment Sales
• Publication 590-B Distributions from Individual Retirement Arrangements (IRAs)
• Publication 925 Passive Activity and At-Risk Rules
• Publication 1212 Guide to Original Issue Discount (OID) Instruments
Form (and Instructions)
•
Schedule B (Form 1040A or 1040)Interest and Ordinary Dividends
• Schedule D (Form 1040) Capital Gains and Losses
• Form 1040 U.S. Individual Income Tax Return
• Form 1040A U.S. Individual Income Tax Return
• Form 1040EZ Income Tax Return for Single and Joint Filers With No Dependents
• Form 1099 General Instructions for Certain Information Returns
• Form 2439 Notice to Shareholder of Undistributed Long-Term Capital Gains
• Form 3115 Application for Change in Accounting Method
• Form 6251 Alternative Minimum Tax -- Individuals
• Form 8582 Passive Activity Loss Limitations
• Form 8615 Tax for Certain Children Who Have Unearned Income
• Form 8814 Parents' Election To Report Child's Interest and Dividends
• Form 8815 Exclusion of Interest From Series EE and I U.S. Savings Bonds Issued After 1989
• Form 8818 Optional Form To Record Redemption of Series EE and I U.S. Savings Bonds Issued After 1989
• Form 8824 Like-Kind Exchanges
• Form 8949 Sales and Other Dispositions of Capital Assets
• Form 8960 Net Investment Income Tax--Individuals, Estates, and Trusts
See chapter 5,
How To Get Tax Help,for information about getting these publications and forms.
General Information
A few items of general interest are covered here.
RECORDS: Recordkeeping. You should keep a list showing sources and investment income amounts you receive during the year. Also keep the forms you receive showing your investment income (Forms 1099-DIV, Dividends and Distributions, for example) as an important part of your records.
Net investment income tax (NIIT). You may be subject to the NIIT. The NIIT is a 3.8% tax on the lesser of your net investment income or the amount of your modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) that is over a threshold amount based on your filing status.
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Filing Status Threshold Amount
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Married filing jointly $250,000
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Married filing separately $125,000
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Single $200,000
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Head of household (with $200,000
qualifying person)
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Qualifying Widow(er) with $250,000
dependent child
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For more information, see Form 8960 and Instructions for Form 8960.
Tax on unearned income of certain children. Part of a child's 2015 unearned income may be taxed at the parent's tax rate. This may happen if all of the following are true.
1. The child had more than $2,100 of unearned income.
2. The child is required to file a tax return.
3. The child was:
a. Under age 18 at the end of 2015,
b. Age 18 at the end of 2015 and did not have earned income that was more than half of the child's support, or
c. A full-time student at least age 19 and under age 24 at the end of 2015 and did not have earned income that was more than half of the child's support.
4. At least one of the child's parents was alive at the end of 2015.
5. The child does not file a joint return for 2015.
A child born on January 1, 1998, is considered to be age 18 at the end of 2015; a child born on January 1, 1997, is considered to be age 19 at the end of 2015; a child born on January 1, 1992, is considered to be age 24 at the end of 2015.
If all of these statements are true, Form 8615 must be completed and attached to the child's tax return. If any of these statements is not true, Form 8615 is not required and the child's income is taxed at his or her own tax rate.
However, the parent can choose to include the child's interest and dividends on the parent's return if certain requirements are met. Use Form 8814 for this purpose.
For more information about the tax on unearned income of children and the parents' election, see Pub. 929, Tax Rules for Children and Dependents.
Beneficiary of an estate or trust. Interest, dividends, and other investment income you receive as a beneficiary of an estate or trust is generally taxable income. You should receive a Schedule K-1 (Form 1041), Beneficiary's Share of Income, Deductions, Credits, etc., from the fiduciary. Your copy of Schedule K-1 (Form 1041) and its instructions will tell you where to report the income on your Form 1040.
Social security number (SSN). You must give your name and SSN or individual tax identification number (ITIN) to any person required by federal tax law to make a return, statement, or other document that relates to you. This includes payers of interest and dividends. If you do not give your SSN or ITIN to the payer of interest, you may have to pay a penalty.
SSN for joint account. If the funds in a joint account belong to one person, list that person's name first on the account and give that person's SSN to the payer. (For information on who owns the funds in a joint account, see Joint accounts, later.) If the joint account contains combined funds, give the SSN of the person whose name is listed first on the account. This is because only one name and SSN can be shown on Form 1099.
These rules apply both to joint ownership by a married couple and to joint ownership by other individuals. For example, if you open a joint savings account with your child using funds belonging to the child, list the child's name first on the account and give the child's SSN.
Custodian account for your child. If your child is the actual owner of an account that is recorded in your name as custodian for the child, give the child's SSN to the payer. For example, you must give your child's SSN to the payer of dividends on stock owned by your child, even though the dividends are paid to you as custodian.
Penalty for failure to supply SSN. You will be subject to a penalty if, when required, you fail to:
• Include your SSN on any return, statement, or other document,
• Give your SSN to another person who must include it on any return, statement, or other document, or
• Include the SSN of another person on any return, statement, or other document.
The penalty is $50 for each failure up to a maximum penalty of $100,000 for any calendar year.
You will not be subject to this penalty if you can show that your failure to provide the SSN was due to reasonable cause and not to willful neglect.
If you fail to supply an SSN, you may also be subject to backup withholding.
Backup withholding. Your investment income is generally not subject to regular withholding. However, it may be subject to backup withholding to ensure that income tax is collected on the income. Under backup withholding, the bank, broker, or other payer of interest, original issue discount (OID), dividends, cash patronage dividends, or royalties must withhold, as income tax, on the amount you are paid, applying the appropriate withholding rate.
Backup withholding applies if:
1. You do not give the payer your identification number (either a social security number or an employer identification number) in the required manner,
2. The IRS notifies the payer that you gave an incorrect identification number,
3. The IRS notifies the payer that you are subject to backup withholding on interest or dividends because you have underreported interest or dividends on your income tax return, or
4. You are required, but fail, to certify that you are not subject to backup withholding for the reason described in (3).
Certification.
For new accounts paying interest or dividends, you must certify under penalties of perjury that your SSN is correct and that you are not subject to backup withholding. Your payer will give you a Form W-9, Request for Taxpayer Identification Number and Certification, or similar form, to make this certification. If you fail to make this certification, backup withholding may begin immediately on your new account or investment.
Underreported interest and dividends. You will be considered to have underreported your interest and dividends if the IRS has determined for a tax year that:
• You failed to include any part of a reportable interest or dividend payment required to be shown on your return, or
• You were required to file a return and to include a reportable interest or dividend payment on that return, but you failed to file the return.
How to stop backup withholding due to underreporting.
If you have been notified that you underreported interest or dividends, you can request a determination from the IRS to prevent backup withholding from starting or to stop backup withholding once it has begun. You must show that at least one of the following situations applies.
• No underreporting occurred.
• You have a bona fide dispute with the IRS about whether underreporting occurred.
• Backup withholding will cause or is causing an undue hardship, and it is unlikely that you will underreport interest and dividends in the future.
• You have corrected the underreporting by filing a return if you did not previously file one and by paying all taxes, penalties, and interest due for any underreported interest or dividend payments.
If the IRS determines that backup withholding should stop, it will provide you with a certification and will notify the payers who were sent notices earlier.
How to stop backup withholding due to an incorrect identification number. If you have been notified by a payer that you are subject to backup withholding because you have provided an incorrect SSN or employer identification number, you can stop it by following the instructions the payer gives you.
Reporting backup withholding. If backup withholding is deducted from your interest or dividend income or other reportable payment, the bank or other business must give you an information return for the year (for example, a Form 1099-INT) indicating the amount withheld. The information return will show any backup withholding as "Federal income tax withheld."
Nonresident aliens. Generally, payments made to nonresident aliens are not subject to backup withholding. You can use Form W-8BEN, Certificate of Foreign Status of Beneficial Owner for United States Tax Withholding and Reporting (Individuals), to certify exempt status. However, this does not exempt you from the 30% (or lower treaty) withholding rate that may apply to your investment income. For information on the 30% rate, see Pub. 519, U.S. Tax Guide for Aliens.
Penalties. There are civil and criminal penalties for giving false information to avoid backup withholding. The civil penalty is $500. The criminal penalty, upon conviction, is a fine of up to $1,000, or imprisonment of up to 1 year, or both.
Where to report investment income. Table 1-1 gives an overview of the forms and schedules to use to report some common types of investment income. But see the rest of this publication for detailed information about reporting investment income.
Table 1-1. Where To Report Common Types of Investment Income
(For detailed information about reporting investment income, see the
rest of this publication, especially
How To Report Interest Income
and
How To Report Dividend Income
in chapter 1.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
If you can
file
If you can file Form 1040EZ,
If you file Form 1040A, report
Type of Income report on . . . report on . . . on . . .
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Tax-exempt Line 8b Line 8b Space to the
interest left of line
(Form 1099-INT, 2 (enter
box 8) "TEI" and
the amount)
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Taxable Line 8a (You may need Line 8a (You Line 2
interest that to file Schedule B as may need to
totals $1,500 well.) file Schedule B
or less as well.)
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Taxable Line 8a; also use Line 8a; also
interest that Schedule B, line 1 use Schedule B,
totals more line 1
than $1,500
--------------------------------------------------------
Savings bond Schedule B; also use Schedule B;
interest you Form 8815 also use
will exclude Form 8815
because of
higher
education
expenses
--------------------------------------------------------
Ordinary Line 9a (You may need Line 9a (You
dividends that to file Schedule B as may need to
total $1,500 or well.) file Schedule B
less as well.)
--------------------------------------------------------
Ordinary Line 9a; also use Line 9a; also
dividends that Schedule B, line 5 use Schedule B,
total more than line 5
$1,500
--------------------------------------------------------
Qualified Line 9b; also use the Line 9b; also
dividends (if Qualified Dividends use the
you do not have and Capital Gain Tax Qualified
to file Worksheet, line 2 Dividends and
Schedule D) Capital Gain
Tax Worksheet,
line 2
--------------------------------------------------------
Qualified Line 9b; also use the You cannot use
dividends (if Qualified Dividends Form 1040A
you have to and Capital Gain Tax
file Schedule Worksheet or the
D) Schedule D Tax
Worksheet, line 2
--------------------------------------------------------
Capital gain Line 13; also use the Line 10; also You cannot
distributions Qualified Dividends use the use
(if you do not and Capital Gain Tax Qualified Form 1040EZ
have to file Worksheet, line 3 Dividends and
Schedule D) Capital Gain
Tax Worksheet,
line 3
--------------------------------------------------------
Capital gain Schedule D, line 13;
distributions also use the Qualified
(if you have to Dividends and Capital
file Schedule Gain Tax Worksheet or
D) the Schedule D Tax
Worksheet
---------------------------------------
Section 1250, Form 8949 and Schedule
1202, or D
collectibles
gain
(Form 1099-DIV,
box 2b, 2c, or
2d)
---------------------------------------
Nondividend Generally not You cannot use
distributions reported* Form 1040A
(Form 1099-DIV,
box 3)
---------------------------------------
Undistributed Schedule D
capital gains
(Form 2439,
boxes 1a-1d)
---------------------------------------
Gain or loss Line 13; also use
from sales of Form 8949, Schedule D,
stocks or bonds and the Qualified
Dividends and Capital
Gain Tax Worksheet or
the Schedule D Tax
Worksheet
---------------------------------------
Gain or loss Line 13; also use
from exchanges Schedule D, Form 8824,
of like-kind and the Qualified
investment Dividends and Capital
property Gain Tax Worksheet or
the Schedule D Tax
Worksheet
----------------------------------------------------------------------
* Report any amounts in excess of your basis in your mutual fund
shares on Form 8949. Use Part II if you held the shares more than 1
year. Use Part I if you held your mutual fund shares 1 year or less.
For details on Form 8949, see
Reporting Capital Gains and Losses
in
chapter 4, and the Instructions for Form 8949.
======================================================================
Joint accounts.
If two or more persons hold property (such as a savings account, bond, or stock) as joint tenants, tenants by the entirety, or tenants in common, each person's share of any interest or dividends from the property is determined by local law.
Community property states. If you are married and receive a distribution that is community income, one-half of the distribution is generally considered to be received by each spouse. If you file separate returns, you must each report one-half of any taxable distribution. See Pub. 555, Community Property, for more information on community income.
If the distribution is not considered community property and you and your spouse file separate returns, each of you must report your separate taxable distributions.
Example. You and your spouse have a joint money market account. Under state law, half the income from the account belongs to you, and half belongs to your spouse. If you file separate returns, you each report half the income.
Income from property given to a child. Property you give as a parent to your child under the Model Gifts of Securities to Minors Act, the Uniform Gifts to Minors Act, or any similar law becomes the child's property.
Income from the property is taxable to the child, except that any part used to satisfy a legal obligation to support the child is taxable to the parent or guardian having that legal obligation.
Savings account with parent as trustee. Interest income from a savings account opened for a minor child, but placed in the name and subject to the order of the parents as trustees, is taxable to the child if, under the law of the state in which the child resides, both of the following are true.
• The savings account legally belongs to the child.
• The parents are not legally permitted to use any of the funds to support the child.
Accuracy-related penalty.
An accuracy-related penalty of 20% can be charged for underpayments of tax due to negligence or disregard of rules or regulations or substantial understatement of tax. For information on the penalty and any interest that applies, see
Penaltiesin chapter 2.
Interest Income
Terms you may need to know (see Glossary):
• Accrual method
• Below-market loan
• Cash method
• Demand loan
• Forgone interest
• Gift loan
• Interest
• Mutual fund
• Nominee
• Original issue discount
• Private activity bond
• Term loan
This section discusses the tax treatment of different types of interest income.
In general, any interest that you receive or that is credited to your account and can be withdrawn is taxable income. (It does not have to be entered in your passbook.) Exceptions to this rule are discussed later.
Form 1099-INT. Interest income is generally reported to you on Form 1099-INT, or a similar statement, by banks, savings and loans, and other payers of interest. This form shows you the interest you received during the year. Keep this form for your records. You do not have to attach it to your tax return.
Report on your tax return the total interest income you receive for the tax year. See the Instructions for Form 1099-INT to see whether you need to adjust any of the amounts reported to you.
Interest not reported on Form 1099-INT. Even if you do not receive Form 1099-INT, you must still report all of your interest income. For example, you may receive distributive shares of interest from partnerships or S corporations. This interest is reported to you on Schedule K-1 (Form 1065), Partner's Share of Income, Deductions, Credits, etc., and Schedule K-1 (Form 1120S), Shareholder's Share of Income, Deductions, Credits, etc.
Nominees. Generally, if someone receives interest as a nominee for you, that person must give you a Form 1099-INT showing the interest received on your behalf.
If you receive a Form 1099-INT that includes amounts belonging to another person, see the discussion on Nominee distributions, later.
Incorrect amount. If you receive a Form 1099-INT that shows an incorrect amount (or other incorrect information), you should ask the issuer for a corrected form. The new Form 1099-INT you receive will be marked "Corrected."
Form 1099-OID. Reportable interest income also may be shown on Form 1099-OID, Original Issue Discount. For more information about amounts shown on this form, see Original Issue Discount (OID), later in this chapter.
Exempt-interest dividends. Exempt-interest dividends you receive from a mutual fund or other regulated investment company, including those received from a qualified fund of funds in any tax year beginning after December 22, 2010, are not included in your taxable income. (However, see Information reporting requirement, next.) Exempt-interest dividends should be shown in box 10 of Form 1099-DIV. You do not reduce your basis for distributions that are exempt-interest dividends.
Information reporting requirement. Although exempt-interest dividends are not taxable, you must show them on your tax return if you have to file. This is an information reporting requirement and does not change the exempt-interest dividends into taxable income. See How To Report Interest Income, later.
Note. Exempt-interest dividends on specified private activity bonds may be subject to the alternative minimum tax. The exempt-interest dividends subject to the alternative minimum tax are shown in box 11 of Form 1099-DIV. See Form 6251 and its instructions for more information about this tax. Private activity bonds are discussed later.
Interest on VA dividends. Interest on insurance dividends left on deposit with the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is not taxable. This includes interest paid on dividends on converted United States Government Life Insurance policies and on National Service Life Insurance policies.
Individual retirement arrangements (IRAs). Interest on a Roth IRA generally is not taxable. Interest on a traditional IRA is tax deferred. You generally do not include it in your income until you make withdrawals from the IRA. See Pub. 590-B for more information.
Taxable Interest--General
Taxable interest includes interest you receive from bank accounts, loans you make to others, and other sources. The following are some sources of taxable interest.
Dividends that are actually interest. Certain distributions commonly called dividends are actually interest. You must report as interest so-called "dividends" on deposits or on share accounts in:
• Cooperative banks,
• Credit unions,
• Domestic building and loan associations,
• Domestic savings and loan associations,
• Federal savings and loan associations, and
• Mutual savings banks.
The "dividends" will be shown as interest income on Form 1099-INT.
Money market funds. Money market funds are offered by nonbank financial institutions such as mutual funds and stock brokerage houses, and pay dividends. Generally, amounts you receive from money market funds should be reported as dividends, not as interest.
Certificates of deposit and other deferred interest accounts. If you open any of these accounts, interest may be paid at fixed intervals of 1 year or less during the term of the account. You generally must include this interest in your income when you actually receive it or are entitled to receive it without paying a substantial penalty. The same is true for accounts that mature in 1 year or less and pay interest in a single payment at maturity. If interest is deferred for more than 1 year, see Original Issue Discount (OID), later.
Interest subject to penalty for early withdrawal. If you withdraw funds from a deferred interest account before maturity, you may have to pay a penalty. You must report the total amount of interest paid or credited to your account during the year, without subtracting the penalty. See Penalty on early withdrawal of savings, later, for more information on how to report the interest and deduct the penalty.
Money borrowed to invest in certificate of deposit. The interest you pay on money borrowed from a bank or savings institution to meet the minimum deposit required for a certificate of deposit from the institution and the interest you earn on the certificate are two separate items. You must report the total interest you earn on the certificate in your income. If you itemize deductions, you can deduct the interest you pay as investment interest, up to the amount of your net investment income. See Interest Expenses in chapter 3.
Example. You deposited $5,000 with a bank and borrowed $5,000 from the bank to make up the $10,000 minimum deposit required to buy a 6-month certificate of deposit. The certificate earned $575 at maturity in 2015, but you received only $265, which represented the $575 you earned minus $310 interest charged on your $5,000 loan. The bank gives you a Form 1099-INT for 2015 showing the $575 interest you earned. The bank also gives you a statement showing that you paid $310 interest for 2015. You must include the $575 in your income. If you itemize your deductions on Schedule A (Form 1040), Itemized Deductions, you can deduct $310, subject to the net investment income limit.
Gift for opening account. If you receive non-cash gifts or services for making deposits or for opening an account in a savings institution, you may have to report the value as interest.
For deposits of less than $5,000, gifts or services valued at more than $10 must be reported as interest. For deposits of $5,000 or more, gifts or services valued at more than $20 must be reported as interest. The value is determined by the cost to the financial institution.
Example. You open a savings account at your local bank and deposit $800. The account earns $20 interest. You also receive a $15 calculator. If no other interest is credited to your account during the year, the Form 1099-INT you receive will show $35 interest for the year. You must report $35 interest income on your tax return.
Interest on insurance dividends. Interest on insurance dividends left on deposit with an insurance company that can be withdrawn annually is taxable to you in the year it is credited to your account. However, if you can withdraw it only on the anniversary date of the policy (or other specified date), the interest is taxable in the year that date occurs.
Prepaid insurance premiums. Any increase in the value of prepaid insurance premiums, advance premiums, or premium deposit funds is interest if it is applied to the payment of premiums due on insurance policies or made available for you to withdraw.
U.S. obligations. Interest on U.S. obligations, such as U.S. Treasury bills, notes, and bonds, issued by any agency or instrumentality of the United States is taxable for federal income tax purposes.
Interest on tax refunds. Interest you receive on tax refunds is taxable income.
Interest on condemnation award. If the condemning authority pays you interest to compensate you for a delay in payment of an award, the interest is taxable.
Installment sale payments. If a contract for the sale or exchange of property provides for deferred payments, it also usually provides for interest payable with the deferred payments. Generally, that interest is taxable when you receive it. If little or no interest is provided for in a deferred payment contract, part of each payment may be treated as interest. See Unstated Interest and Original Issue Discount (OID) in Pub. 537.
Interest on annuity contract. Accumulated interest on an annuity contract you sell before its maturity date is taxable.
Usurious interest. Usurious interest is interest charged at an illegal rate. This is taxable as interest unless state law automatically changes it to a payment on the principal.
Interest income on frozen deposits. Exclude from your gross income interest on frozen deposits. A deposit is frozen if, at the end of the year, you cannot withdraw any part of the deposit because:
• The financial institution is bankrupt or insolvent, or
• The state in which the institution is located has placed limits on withdrawals because other financial institutions in the state are bankrupt or insolvent.
The amount of interest you must exclude is the interest that was credited on the frozen deposits minus the sum of:
• The net amount you withdrew from these deposits during the year, and
• The amount you could have withdrawn as of the end of the year (not reduced by any penalty for premature withdrawals of a time deposit).
If you receive a Form 1099-INT for interest income on deposits that were frozen at the end of 2015, see
Frozen deposits,later, for information about reporting this interest income exclusion on your tax return.
The interest you exclude is treated as credited to your account in the following year. You must include it in income in the year you can withdraw it.
Example. $100 of interest was credited on your frozen deposit during the year. You withdrew $80 but could not withdraw any more as of the end of the year. You must include $80 in your income and exclude $20 from your income for the year. You must include the $20 in your income for the year you can withdraw it.
Bonds traded flat. If you buy a bond at a discount when interest has been defaulted or when the interest has accrued but has not been paid, the transaction is described as trading a bond flat. The defaulted or unpaid interest is not income and is not taxable as interest if paid later. When you receive a payment of that interest, it is a return of capital that reduces the remaining cost basis of your bond. Interest that accrues after the date of purchase, however, is taxable interest income for the year received or accrued. See Bonds Sold Between Interest Dates, later in this chapter.
Below-Market Loans
If you make a below-market gift or demand loan, you must report as interest income any forgone interest (defined later) from that loan. The below-market loan rules and exceptions are described in this section. For more information, see section 7872 of the Internal Revenue Code and its regulations.
If you receive a below-market loan, you may be able to deduct the forgone interest as well as any interest you actually paid, but not if it is personal interest.
Loans subject to the rules. The rules for below-market loans apply to:
• Gift loans,
• Pay-related loans,
• Corporation-shareholder loans,
• Tax avoidance loans, and
• Certain loans made to qualified continuing care facilities under a continuing care contract.
A pay-related loan is any below-market loan between an employer and an employee or between an independent contractor and a person for whom the contractor provides services.
A tax avoidance loan is any below-market loan where the avoidance of federal tax is one of the main purposes of the interest arrangement.
Forgone interest. For any period, forgone interest is:
• The amount of interest that would be payable for that period if interest accrued on the loan at the applicable federal rate and was payable annually on December 31, minus
• Any interest actually payable on the loan for the period.
Applicable federal rate.
Applicable federal rates are published by the IRS each month in the Internal Revenue Bulletin. The Internal Revenue Bulletin is available through IRS.gov. You can also find applicable federal rates in the Index of Applicable Federal Rates (AFR) Rulings at
http://apps.IRS.gov/app/picklist/list/federalRates.htmlSee chapter 5, How To Get Tax Help, for other ways to get this information.
Rules for below-market loans. The rules that apply to a below-market loan depend on whether the loan is a gift loan, demand loan, or term loan.
Gift and demand loans. A gift loan is any below-market loan where the forgone interest is in the nature of a gift.
A demand loan is a loan payable in full at any time upon demand by the lender. A demand loan is a below-market loan if no interest is charged or if interest is charged at a rate below the applicable federal rate.
A demand loan or gift loan that is a below-market loan is generally treated as an arm's-length transaction in which the lender is treated as having made:
• A loan to the borrower in exchange for a note that requires the payment of interest at the applicable federal rate, and
• An additional payment to the borrower in an amount equal to the forgone interest.
The borrower is generally treated as transferring the additional payment back to the lender as interest. The lender must report that amount as interest income.
The lender's additional payment to the borrower is treated as a gift, dividend, contribution to capital, pay for services, or other payment, depending on the substance of the transaction. The borrower may have to report this payment as taxable income, depending on its classification.
These transfers are considered to occur annually, generally on December 31.
Term loans. A term loan is any loan that is not a demand loan. A term loan is a below-market loan if the amount of the loan is more than the present value of all payments due under the loan.
A lender who makes a below-market term loan other than a gift loan is treated as transferring an additional lump-sum cash payment to the borrower (as a dividend, contribution to capital, etc.) on the date the loan is made. The amount of this payment is the amount of the loan minus the present value, at the applicable federal rate, of all payments due under the loan. An equal amount is treated as original issue discount (OID). The lender must report the annual part of the OID as interest income. The borrower may be able to deduct the OID as interest expense. See Original Issue Discount (OID), later.
Exceptions to the below-market loan rules. Exceptions to the below-market loan rules are discussed here.
Exception for loans of $10,000 or less. The rules for below-market loans do not apply to any day on which the total outstanding amount of loans between the borrower and lender is $10,000 or less. This exception applies only to:
1. Gift loans between individuals if the gift loan is not directly used to buy or carry income-producing assets, and
2. Pay-related loans or corporation-shareholder loans if the avoidance of federal tax is not a principal purpose of the interest arrangement.
This exception does not apply to a term loan described in (2) earlier that previously has been subject to the below-market loan rules. Those rules will continue to apply even if the outstanding balance is reduced to $10,000 or less.
Exception for loans to continuing care facilities. Loans to qualified continuing care facilities under continuing care contracts are not subject to the rules for below-market loans for the calendar year if the lender or the lender's spouse is age 62 or older at the end of the year. For the definitions of qualified continuing care facility and continuing care contract, see Internal Revenue Code section 7872(h).
Exception for loans without significant tax effect. Loans are excluded from the below-market loan rules if their interest arrangements do not have a significant effect on the federal tax liability of the borrower or the lender. These loans include:
1. Loans made available by the lender to the general public on the same terms and conditions that are consistent with the lender's customary business practice;
2. Loans subsidized by a federal, state, or municipal government that are made available under a program of general application to the public;
3. Certain employee-relocation loans;
4. Certain loans from a foreign person, unless the interest income would be effectively connected with the conduct of a U.S. trade or business and would not be exempt from U.S. tax under an income tax treaty;
5. Gift loans to a charitable organization, contributions to which are deductible, if the total outstanding amount of loans between the organization and lender is $250,000 or less at all times during the tax year; and
6. Other loans on which the interest arrangement can be shown to have no significant effect on the federal tax liability of the lender or the borrower.
For a loan described in (6) above, all the facts and circumstances are used to determine if the interest arrangement has a significant effect on the federal tax liability of the lender or borrower. Some factors to be considered are:
• Whether items of income and deduction generated by the loan offset each other;
• The amount of these items;
• The cost to you of complying with the below-market loan rules, if they were to apply; and
• Any reasons other than taxes for structuring the transaction as a below-market loan.
If you structure a transaction to meet this exception and one of the principal purposes of that structure is the avoidance of federal tax, the loan will be considered a tax-avoidance loan, and this exception will not apply.
Limit on forgone interest for gift loans of $100,000 or less. For gift loans between individuals, if the outstanding loans between the lender and borrower total $100,000 or less, the forgone interest to be included in income by the lender and deducted by the borrower is limited to the amount of the borrower's net investment income for the year. If the borrower's net investment income is $1,000 or less, it is treated as zero. This limit does not apply to a loan if the avoidance of federal tax is one of the main purposes of the interest arrangement.
Effective dates. These rules apply to term loans made after June 6, 1984, and to demand loans outstanding after that date.
U.S. Savings Bonds
This section provides tax information on U.S. savings bonds. It explains how to report the interest income on these bonds and how to treat transfers of these bonds.
U.S. savings bonds currently offered to individuals include Series EE bonds and Series I bonds.
For other information on U.S. savings bonds, write to:
For Series HH/H:
Series HH and Series H Treasury Retail Securities Site P.O. Box 2186 Minneapolis, MN 55480-2186
For Series EE and I paper savings bonds:
Series EE and Series I Treasury Retail Securities Site P.O. Box 214 Minneapolis, MN 55480-0214
For Series EE and I electronic bonds:
Series EE and Series I Treasury Retail Securities Site P.O. Box 7015 Minneapolis, MN 55480-7015
Or, on the Internet, visit http://www.treasurydirect.gov/indiv/indiv.htm.
Accrual method taxpayers. If you use an accrual method of accounting, you must report interest on U.S. savings bonds each year as it accrues. You cannot postpone reporting interest until you receive it or until the bonds mature.
Cash method taxpayers. If you use the cash method of accounting, as most individual taxpayers do, you generally report the interest on U.S. savings bonds when you receive it. But see Reporting options for cash method taxpayers, later.
Series HH bonds. These bonds were issued at face value. Interest is paid twice a year by direct deposit to your bank account. If you are a cash method taxpayer, you must report interest on these bonds as income in the year you receive it.
Series HH bonds were first offered in 1980 and last offered in August 2004. Before 1980, series H bonds were issued. Series H bonds are treated the same as series HH bonds. If you are a cash method taxpayer, you must report the interest when you receive it.
Series H bonds have a maturity period of 30 years. Series HH bonds mature in 20 years. The last series H bonds matured in 2009. The last series HH bonds will mature in 2024.
Series EE and series I bonds. Interest on these bonds is payable when you redeem the bonds. The difference between the purchase price and the redemption value is taxable interest.
Series EE bonds. Series EE bonds were first offered in January 1980 and have a maturity period of 30 years. Before July 1980, series E bonds were issued. The original 10-year maturity period of series E bonds has been extended to 40 years for bonds issued before December 1965 and 30 years for bonds issued after November 1965. Paper series EE bonds are issued at a discount. The face value is payable to you at maturity. Electronic series EE bonds are issued at their face value. The face value plus accrued interest is payable to you at maturity. As of January 1, 2012, paper savings bonds are no longer sold at financial institutions.
Owners of paper series EE bonds can convert them to electronic bonds. These converted bonds do not retain the denomination listed on the paper certificate but are posted at their purchase price (with accrued interest).
Series I bonds. Series I bonds were first offered in 1998. These are inflation-indexed bonds issued at their face amount with a maturity period of 30 years. The face value plus all accrued interest is payable to you at maturity.
Reporting options for cash method taxpayers. If you use the cash method of reporting income, you can report the interest on series EE, series E, and series I bonds in either of the following ways.
1.
Method 1.Postpone reporting the interest until the earlier of the year you cash or dispose of the bonds or the year in which they mature. (However, see
Savings bonds traded,later.)
Note.
Series EE bonds issued in 1985 matured in 2015. If you have used method 1, you generally must report the interest on these bonds on your 2015 return. The last series E bonds were issued in 1980 and matured in 2010. If you used method 1, you generally should have reported the interest on these bonds on your 2010 return.
2.
Method 2.Choose to report the increase in redemption value as interest each year.
You must use the same method for all series EE, series E, and series I bonds you own. If you do not choose method 2 by reporting the increase in redemption value as interest each year, you must use method 1.
TIP: If you plan to cash your bonds in the same year you will pay for higher educational expenses, you may want to use method 1 because you may be able to exclude the interest from your income. To learn how, see Education Savings Bond Program, later.
Change from method 1. If you want to change your method of reporting the interest from method 1 to method 2, you can do so without permission from the IRS. In the year of change, you must report all interest accrued to date and not previously reported for all your bonds.
Once you choose to report the interest each year, you must continue to do so for all series EE, series E, and series I bonds you own and for any you get later, unless you request permission to change, as explained next.
Change from method 2. To change from method 2 to method 1, you must request permission from the IRS. Permission for the change is automatically granted if you send the IRS a statement that meets all the following requirements.
1. You have typed or printed the following number at the top: "131."
2. It includes your name and social security number under "131."
3. It includes the year of change (both the beginning and ending dates).
4. It identifies the savings bonds for which you are requesting this change.
5. It includes your agreement to:
a. Report all interest on any bonds acquired during or after the year of change when the interest is realized upon disposition, redemption, or final maturity, whichever is earliest; and
b. Report all interest on the bonds acquired before the year of change when the interest is realized upon disposition, redemption, or final maturity, whichever is earliest, with the exception of the interest reported in prior tax years.
You must attach this statement to your tax return for the year of change, which you must file by the due date (including extensions).
You can have an automatic extension of 6 months from the due date of your return for the year of change (excluding extensions) to file the statement with an amended return. On the statement, type or print "Filed pursuant to section Revenue Procedure 2016-1, Section 9.
By the date you file the original statement with your return, you must also send a signed copy to the address below.
Internal Revenue Service 201 West Rivercenter Blvd. PIN Team Mail Stop 97 Covington, KY 41011-1424
Instead of filing this statement, you can request permission to change from method 2 to method 1 by filing Form 3115. In that case, follow the form instructions for an automatic change. No user fee is required.
Co-owners. If a U.S. savings bond is issued in the names of co-owners, such as you and your child or you and your spouse, interest on the bond is generally taxable to the co-owner who bought the bond.
One co-owner's funds used. If you used your funds to buy the bond, you must pay the tax on the interest. This is true even if you let the other co-owner redeem the bond and keep all the proceeds. Under these circumstances, the co-owner who redeemed the bond will receive a Form 1099-INT at the time of redemption and must provide you with another Form 1099-INT showing the amount of interest from the bond taxable to you. The co-owner who redeemed the bond is a "nominee." See Nominee distributions, later, for more information about how a person who is a nominee reports interest income belonging to another person.
Both co-owners' funds used. If you and the other co-owner each contribute part of the bond's purchase price, the interest is generally taxable to each of you, in proportion to the amount each of you paid.
Community property. If you and your spouse live in a community property state and hold bonds as community property, one-half of the interest is considered received by each of you. If you file separate returns, each of you generally must report one-half of the bond interest. For more information about community property, see Pub. 555.
Table 1-2. These rules are also shown in Table 1-2.
Table 1-2. Who Pays the Tax on U.S. Savings Bond Interest
----------------------------------------------------------------------
IF . . . THEN the interest must be reported by . . .
----------------------------------------------------------------------
you buy a bond in your you.
name and the name of
another person as
co-owners, using only
your own funds
----------------------------------------------------------------------
you buy a bond in the the person for whom you bought the bond.
name of another person,
who is the sole owner of
the bond
----------------------------------------------------------------------
you and another person both you and the other co-owner, in
buy a bond as co-owners, proportion to the amount each paid for the
each contributing part of bond.
the purchase price
----------------------------------------------------------------------
you and your spouse, who you and your spouse. If you file separate
live in a community returns, both you and your spouse generally
property state, buy a report one-half of the interest.
bond that is community
property
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Child as only owner.
Interest on U.S. savings bonds bought for and registered only in the name of your child is income to your child, even if you paid for the bonds and are named as beneficiary. If the bonds are series EE, series E, or series I bonds, the interest on the bonds is income to your child in the earlier of the year the bonds are cashed or disposed of or the year the bonds mature, unless your child chooses to report the interest income each year.
Choice to report interest each year. The choice to report the accrued interest each year can be made either by your child or by you for your child. This choice is made by filing an income tax return that shows all the interest earned to date, and by stating on the return that your child chooses to report the interest each year. Either you or your child should keep a copy of this return.
Unless your child is otherwise required to file a tax return for any year after making this choice, your child does not have to file a return only to report the annual accrual of U.S. savings bond interest under this choice. However, see Tax on unearned income of certain children, earlier, under General Information. Neither you nor your child can change the way you report the interest unless you request permission from the IRS, as discussed earlier under Change from method 2.
Ownership transferred. If you bought series E, series EE, or series I bonds entirely with your own funds and had them reissued in your co-owner's name or beneficiary's name alone, you must include in your gross income for the year of reissue all interest that you earned on these bonds and have not previously reported. But, if the bonds were reissued in your name alone, you do not have to report the interest accrued at that time.
This same rule applies when bonds (other than bonds held as community property) are transferred between spouses or incident to divorce.
Example. You bought series EE bonds entirely with your own funds. You did not choose to report the accrued interest each year. Later, you transfer the bonds to your former spouse under a divorce agreement. You must include the deferred accrued interest, from the date of the original issue of the bonds to the date of transfer, in your income in the year of transfer. Your former spouse includes in income the interest on the bonds from the date of transfer to the date of redemption.
Purchased jointly. If you and a co-owner each contributed funds to buy series E, series EE, or series I bonds jointly and later have the bonds reissued in the co-owner's name alone, you must include in your gross income for the year of reissue your share of all the interest earned on the bonds that you have not previously reported. The former co-owner does not have to include in gross income at the time of reissue his or her share of the interest earned that was not reported before the transfer. This interest, however, as well as all interest earned after the reissue, is income to the former co-owner.
This income-reporting rule also applies when the bonds are reissued in the name of your former co-owner and a new co-owner. But the new co-owner will report only his or her share of the interest earned after the transfer.
If bonds that you and a co-owner bought jointly are reissued to each of you separately in the same proportion as your contribution to the purchase price, neither you nor your co-owner has to report at that time the interest earned before the bonds were reissued.
Example 1. You and your spouse each spent an equal amount to buy a $1,000 series EE savings bond. The bond was issued to you and your spouse as co-owners. You both postpone reporting interest on the bond. You later have the bond reissued as two $500 bonds, one in your name and one in your spouse's name. At that time neither you nor your spouse has to report the interest earned to the date of reissue.
Example 2. You bought a $1,000 series EE savings bond entirely with your own funds. The bond was issued to you and your spouse as co-owners. You both postponed reporting interest on the bond. You later have the bond reissued as two $500 bonds, one in your name and one in your spouse's name. You must report half the interest earned to the date of reissue.
Transfer to a trust. If you own series E, series EE, or series I bonds and transfer them to a trust, giving up all rights of ownership, you must include in your income for that year the interest earned to the date of transfer if you have not already reported it. However, if you are considered the owner of the trust and if the increase in value both before and after the transfer continues to be taxable to you, you can continue to defer reporting the interest earned each year. You must include the total interest in your income in the year you cash or dispose of the bonds or the year the bonds finally mature, whichever is earlier.
The same rules apply to previously unreported interest on series EE or series E bonds if the transfer to a trust consisted of series HH or series H bonds you acquired in a trade for the series EE or series E bonds. See Savings bonds traded, later.
Decedents. The manner of reporting interest income on series E, series EE, or series I bonds, after the death of the owner (decedent), depends on the accounting and income-reporting methods previously used by the decedent.
Decedent who reported interest each year. If the bonds transferred because of death were owned by a person who used an accrual method, or who used the cash method and had chosen to report the interest each year, the interest earned in the year of death up to the date of death must be reported on that person's final return. The person who acquires the bonds includes in income only interest earned after the date of death.
Decedent who postponed reporting interest. If the transferred bonds were owned by a decedent who had used the cash method and had not chosen to report the interest each year, and who had bought the bonds entirely with his or her own funds, all interest earned before death must be reported in one of the following ways.
1. The surviving spouse or personal representative (executor, administrator, etc.) who files the final income tax return of the decedent can choose to include on that return all interest earned on the bonds before the decedent's death. The person who acquires the bonds then includes in income only interest earned after the date of death.
2. If the choice in (1) is not made, the interest earned up to the date of death is income in respect of the decedent and should not be included in the decedent's final return. All interest earned both before and after the decedent's death (except any part reported by the estate on its income tax return) is income to the person who acquires the bonds. If that person uses the cash method and does not choose to report the interest each year, he or she can postpone reporting it until the year the bonds are cashed or disposed of or the year they mature, whichever is earlier. In the year that person reports the interest, he or she can claim a deduction for any federal estate tax paid on the part of the interest included in the decedent's estate.
For more information on income in respect of a decedent, see
Pub. 559, Survivors, Executors, and Administrators.
Example 1. Your uncle, a cash method taxpayer, died and left you a $1,000 series EE bond. He had bought the bond for $500 and had not chosen to report the interest each year. At the date of death, interest of $200 had accrued on the bond, and its value of $700 was included in your uncle's estate. Your uncle's executor chose not to include the $200 accrued interest in your uncle's final income tax return. The $200 is income in respect of the decedent.
You are a cash method taxpayer and do not choose to report the interest each year as it is earned. If you cash the bond when it reaches maturity value of $1,000, you report $500 interest income--the difference between maturity value of $1,000 and the original cost of $500. For that year, you can deduct (as a miscellaneous itemized deduction not subject to the 2%-of-adjusted-gross-income limit) any federal estate tax paid because the $200 interest was included in your uncle's estate.
Example 2. If, in Example 1, the executor had chosen to include the $200 accrued interest in your uncle's final return, you would report only $300 as interest when you cashed the bond at maturity. $300 is the interest earned after your uncle's death.
Example 3. If, in Example 1, you make or have made the choice to report the increase in redemption value as interest each year, you include in gross income for the year you acquire the bond all of the unreported increase in value of all series E, series EE, and series I bonds you hold, including the $200 on the bond you inherited from your uncle.
Example 4. When your aunt died, she owned series HH bonds that she had acquired in a trade for series EE bonds. You were the beneficiary of these bonds. Your aunt used the cash method and did not choose to report the interest on the series EE bonds each year as it accrued. Your aunt's executor chose not to include any interest earned before your aunt's death on her final return.
The income in respect of the decedent is the sum of the unreported interest on the series EE bonds and the interest, if any, payable on the series HH bonds but not received as of the date of your aunt's death. You must report any interest received during the year as income on your return. The part of the interest payable but not received before your aunt's death is income in respect of the decedent and may qualify for the estate tax deduction. For information on when to report the interest on the series EE bonds traded, see Savings bonds traded, later.
Savings bonds distributed from a retirement or profit-sharing plan. If you acquire a U.S. savings bond in a taxable distribution from a retirement or profit-sharing plan, your income for the year of distribution includes the bond's redemption value (its cost plus the interest accrued before the distribution). When you redeem the bond (whether in the year of distribution or later), your interest income includes only the interest accrued after the bond was distributed. To figure the interest reported as a taxable distribution and your interest income when you redeem the bond, see Worksheet for savings bonds distributed from a retirement or profit-sharing plan, later.
Savings bonds traded. If you postponed reporting the interest on your series EE or series E bonds, you did not recognize taxable income when you traded the bonds for series HH or series H bonds, unless you received cash in the trade. (You cannot trade series I bonds for series HH bonds. After August 31, 2004, you cannot trade any other series of bonds for series HH bonds.) Any cash you received is income up to the amount of the interest earned on the bonds traded. When your series HH or series H bonds mature, or if you dispose of them before maturity, you report as interest the difference between their redemption value and your cost. Your cost is the sum of the amount you paid for the traded series EE or series E bonds plus any amount you had to pay at the time of the trade.
Example. You traded series EE bonds (on which you postponed reporting the interest) for $2,500 in series HH bonds and $223 in cash. You reported the $223 as taxable income on your tax return. At the time of the trade, the series EE bonds had accrued interest of $523 and a redemption value of $2,723. You hold the series HH bonds until maturity, when you receive $2,500. You must report $300 as interest income in the year of maturity. This is the difference between their redemption value, $2,500, and your cost, $2,200 (the amount you paid for the series EE bonds). (It is also the difference between the accrued interest of $523 on the series EE bonds and the $223 cash received on the trade.)
Choice to report interest in year of trade. You could have chosen to treat all of the previously unreported accrued interest on series EE or series E bonds traded for series HH bonds as income in the year of the trade. If you made this choice, it is treated as a change from method 1. See Change from method 1, earlier.
Form 1099-INT for U.S. savings bond interest. When you cash a bond, the bank or other payer that redeems it must give you a Form 1099-INT if the interest part of the payment you receive is $10 or more. Box 3 of your Form 1099-INT should show the interest as the difference between the amount you received and the amount paid for the bond. However, your Form 1099-INT may show more interest than you have to include on your income tax return. For example, this may happen if any of the following are true.
• You chose to report the increase in the redemption value of the bond each year. The interest shown on your Form 1099-INT will not be reduced by amounts previously included in income.
• You received the bond from a decedent. The interest shown on your Form 1099-INT will not be reduced by any interest reported by the decedent before death, or on the decedent's final return, or by the estate on the estate's income tax return.
• Ownership of the bond was transferred. The interest shown on your Form 1099-INT will not be reduced by interest that accrued before the transfer.
• You were named as a co-owner, and the other co-owner contributed funds to buy the bond. The interest shown on your Form 1099-INT will not be reduced by the amount you received as nominee for the other co-owner. (See Co-owners, earlier, for more information about the reporting requirements.)
• You received the bond in a taxable distribution from a retirement or profit-sharing plan. The interest shown on your Form 1099-INT will not be reduced by the interest portion of the amount taxable as a distribution from the plan and not taxable as interest. (This amount is generally shown on Form 1099-R, Distributions From Pensions, Annuities, Retirement or Profit-Sharing Plans, IRAs, Insurance Contracts, etc., for the year of distribution.)
For more information on including the correct amount of interest on your return, see
U.S. savings bond interest previously reportedor
Nominee distributions,later.
TIP: Interest on U.S. savings bonds is exempt from state and local taxes. The Form 1099-INT you receive will indicate the amount that is for U.S. savings bonds interest in box 3. Do not include this income on your state or local income tax return.
Education Savings Bond Program
You may be able to exclude from income all or part of the interest you receive on the redemption of qualified U.S. savings bonds during the year if you pay qualified higher educational expenses during the same year. This exclusion is known as the Education Savings Bond Program.
You do not qualify for this exclusion if your filing status is married filing separately.
Form 8815. Use Form 1040 or Form 1040A.
Qualified U.S. savings bonds. A qualified U.S. savings bond is a series EE bond issued after 1989 or a series I bond. The bond must be issued either in your name (sole owner) or in your and your spouse's names (co-owners). You must be at least 24 years old before the bond's issue date. For example, a bond bought by a parent and issued in the name of his or her child under age 24 does not qualify for the exclusion by the parent or child.
CAUTION: The issue date of a bond may be earlier than the date the bond is purchased because the issue date assigned to a bond is the first day of the month in which it is purchased.
Beneficiary. You can designate any individual (including a child) as a beneficiary of the bond.
Verification by IRS. If you claim the exclusion, the IRS will check it by using bond redemption information from the Department of Treasury.
Qualified expenses. Qualified higher educational expenses are tuition and fees required for you, your spouse, or your dependent (for whom you claim an exemption) to attend an eligible educational institution.
Qualified expenses include any contribution you make to a qualified tuition program or to a Coverdell education savings account. For information about these programs, see Pub. 970, Tax Benefits for Education.
Qualified expenses do not include expenses for room and board or for courses involving sports, games, or hobbies that are not part of a degree or certificate granting program.
Eligible educational institutions. These institutions include most public, private, and nonprofit universities, colleges, and vocational schools that are accredited and eligible to participate in student aid programs run by the Department of Education.
Reduction for certain benefits. You must reduce your qualified higher educational expenses by all of the following tax-free benefits.
1. Tax-free part of scholarships and fellowships.
2. Expenses used to figure the tax-free portion of distributions from a Coverdell ESA.
3. Expenses used to figure the tax-free portion of distributions from a qualified tuition program.
4. Any tax-free payments (other than gifts or inheritances) received as educational assistance, such as:
a. Veterans' educational assistance benefits,
b. Qualified tuition reductions, or
c. Employer-provided educational assistance.
5. Any expense used in figuring the American Opportunity and lifetime learning credits.
For information about these benefits, see
Pub. 970.
Amount excludable. If the total proceeds (interest and principal) from the qualified U.S. savings bonds you redeem during the year are not more than your adjusted qualified higher educational expenses for the year, you may be able to exclude all of the interest. If the proceeds are more than the expenses, you may be able to exclude only part of the interest.
To determine the excludable amount, multiply the interest part of the proceeds by a fraction. The numerator (top part) of the fraction is the qualified higher educational expenses you paid during the year. The denominator (bottom part) of the fraction is the total proceeds you received during the year.
Example. In February 2015, Mark and Joan, a married couple, cashed qualified series EE U.S. savings bonds with a total denomination of $10,000 that they bought in April 1999 for $5,000. They received proceeds of $8,060, representing principal of $5,000 and interest of $3,060. In 2015, they paid $4,000 of their daughter's college tuition. They are not claiming an education credit for that amount, and their daughter does not have any tax-free educational assistance. They can exclude $1,519 ($3,060 × ($4,000 ÷ $8,060)) of interest in 2015. They must pay tax on the remaining $1,541 ($3,060 - $1,519) interest.
Figuring the interest part of the proceeds (Form 8815, line 6). To figure the interest to report on Form 8815, line 6, use the Line 6 Worksheet in the Form 8815 instructions.
If you previously reported any interest from savings bonds cashed during 2015, use the Alternate Line 6 Worksheet below instead.
Alternate Line 6 Worksheet
--------------------------------------------------------
1. Enter the amount from Form 8815,
line 5 ______
2. Enter the face value of all post-1989 paper
series EE bonds cashed in 2015 ______
3. Multiply line 2 by 50% (.50) ______
4. Enter the face value of all electronic series
EE bonds (including post-1989 series EE
bonds converted from paper to electronic
format) and all series I bonds cashed in
2015 ______
5. Add lines 3 and 4 ______
6. Subtract line 5 from line 1 ______
7. Enter the amount of interest reported as
income in previous years ______
8. Subtract line 7 from line 6. Enter the result
here and on Form 8815, line 6 ______
--------------------------------------------------------
Modified adjusted gross income limit.
The interest exclusion is limited if your modified adjusted gross income (modified AGI) is:
• $77,200 to $92,200 for taxpayers filing single or head of household, and
• $115,750 to $145,750 for married taxpayers filing jointly, or for a qualifying widow(er) with dependent child.
You do not qualify for the interest exclusion if your modified AGI is equal to or more than the upper limit for your filing status.
Modified AGI. Modified AGI, for purposes of this exclusion, is adjusted gross income (Form 1040A, line 21) figured before the interest exclusion, and modified by adding back any:
1. Foreign earned income exclusion,
2. Foreign housing exclusion and deduction,
3. Exclusion of income for bona fide residents of American Samoa,
4. Exclusion for income from Puerto Rico,
5. Exclusion for adoption benefits received under an employer's adoption assistance program,
6. Deduction for tuition and fees,
7. Deduction for student loan interest, and
8. Deduction for domestic production activities.
Use the Line 9 Worksheet in the Form 8815 instructions to figure your modified AGI. If you claim any of the exclusion or deduction items listed above (except items 6, 7, and 8), add the amount of the exclusion or deduction (except items 6, 7, and 8) to the amount on line 5 of the worksheet, and enter the total on Form 8815, line 9, as your modified AGI.
Royalties included in modified AGI. Because the deduction for interest expenses due to royalties and other investments is limited to your net investment income (see Investment Interest in chapter 3), you cannot figure the deduction for interest expenses until you have figured this exclusion of savings bond interest. Therefore, if you had interest expenses due to royalties deductible on Schedule E (Form 1040), Supplemental Income and Loss, you must make a special computation of your deductible interest to figure the net royalty income included in your modified AGI. You must figure deductible interest without regard to this exclusion of bond interest.
You can use a "dummy" Form 4952, Investment Interest Expense Deduction, to make the special computation. On this form, include in your net investment income your total interest income for the year from series EE and I U.S. savings bonds. Use the deductible interest amount from this form only to figure the net royalty income included in your modified AGI. Do not attach this form to your tax return.
After you figure this interest exclusion, use a separate Form 4952 to figure your actual deduction for investment interest expenses and attach that form to your return.
RECORDS: Recordkeeping. If you claim the interest exclusion, you must keep a written record of the qualified U.S. savings bonds you redeem. Your record must include the serial number, issue date, face value, and total redemption proceeds (principal and interest) of each bond. You can use Form 8818 to record this information. You should also keep bills, receipts, canceled checks, or other documentation that shows you paid qualified higher educational expenses during the year.
U.S. Treasury Bills, Notes, and Bonds
Treasury bills, notes, and bonds are direct debts (obligations) of the U.S. Government.
Taxation of interest. Interest income from Treasury bills, notes, and bonds is subject to federal income tax but is exempt from all state and local income taxes. You should receive Form 1099-INT showing the interest (in box 3) paid to you for the year.
Payments of principal and interest generally will be credited to your designated checking or savings account by direct deposit through the TreasuryDirect® system.
Treasury bills. These bills generally have a 4-week, 13-week, 26-week, or 52-week maturity period. They are generally issued at a discount in the amount of $100 and multiples of $100. The difference between the discounted price you pay for the bills and the face value you receive at maturity is interest income. Generally, you report this interest income when the bill is paid at maturity. If you paid a premium for a bill (more than face value), you generally report the premium as a section 171 deduction when the bill is paid at maturity. See Discount on Short-Term Obligations, later.
If you reinvest your Treasury bill at its maturity in a new Treasury bill, note, or bond, you will receive payment for the difference between the proceeds of the maturing bill (par amount less any tax withheld) and the purchase price of the new Treasury security. However, you must report the full amount of the interest income on each of your Treasury bills at the time it reaches maturity.
Treasury notes and bonds. Treasury notes have maturity periods of more than 1 year, ranging up to 10 years. Maturity periods for Treasury bonds are longer than 10 years. Both generally are issued in denominations of $100 to $1 million and both generally pay interest every 6 months. Generally, you report this interest for the year paid. When the notes or bonds mature, you can redeem these securities for face value or use the proceeds from the maturing note or bond to reinvest in another note or bond of the same type and term. If you do nothing, the proceeds from the maturing note or bond will be deposited in your bank account.
Treasury notes and bonds are sold by auction. Two types of bids are accepted: competitive bids and noncompetitive bids. If you make a competitive bid and a determination is made that the purchase price is less than the face value, you will receive a refund for the difference between the purchase price and the face value. This amount is considered original issue discount. However, the original issue discount rules (discussed later) do not apply if the discount is less than one-fourth of 1% (.0025) of the face amount, multiplied by the number of full years from the date of original issue to maturity. See De minimis OID, later. If the purchase price is determined to be more than the face amount, the difference is a premium. (See Bond Premium Amortization in chapter 3.)
For other information on these notes or bonds, write to:
Treasury Retail Securities Site P.O. Box 7015 Minneapolis, MN 55480-7015
Or, on the Internet, visit http://www.treasurydirect.gov/indiv/indiv.htm.
Treasury inflation-protected securities (TIPS). These securities pay interest twice a year at a fixed rate, based on a principal amount adjusted to take into account inflation and deflation. For the tax treatment of these securities, see Inflation-Indexed Debt Instruments, later.
Retirement, sale, or redemption. For information on the retirement, sale, or redemption of U.S. government obligations, see Capital or Ordinary Gain or Loss in chapter 4. Also see Nontaxable Trades in chapter 4 for information about trading U.S. Treasury obligations for certain other designated issues.
Bonds Sold Between Interest Dates
If you sell a bond between interest payment dates, part of the sales price represents interest accrued to the date of sale. You must report that part of the sales price as interest income for the year of sale.
If you buy a bond between interest payment dates, part of the purchase price represents interest accrued before the date of purchase. When that interest is paid to you, treat it as a return of your capital investment, rather than interest income, by reducing your basis in the bond. See Accrued interest on bonds, later in this chapter, for information on reporting the payment.
Insurance
Life insurance proceeds paid to you as beneficiary of the insured person are usually not taxable. But if you receive the proceeds in installments, you must usually report part of each installment payment as interest income.
For more information about insurance proceeds received in installments, see Pub. 525.
Interest option on insurance. If you leave life insurance proceeds on deposit with an insurance company under an agreement to pay interest only, the interest paid to you is taxable.
Annuity. If you buy an annuity with life insurance proceeds, the annuity payments you receive are taxed as pension and annuity income from a nonqualified plan, not as interest income. See Pub. 939, General Rule for Pensions and Annuities, for information on taxation of pension and annuity income from nonqualified plans.
State or Local Government Obligations
Interest you receive on an obligation issued by a state or local government is generally not taxable. The issuer should be able to tell you whether the interest is taxable. The issuer should also give you a periodic (or year-end) statement showing the tax treatment of the obligation. If you invested in the obligation through a trust, a fund, or other organization, that organization should give you this information.
CAUTION: Even if interest on the obligation is not subject to income tax, you may have to report a capital gain or loss when you sell it. Estate, gift, or generation-skipping tax may apply to other dispositions of the obligation.
Tax-Exempt Interest
Interest on a bond used to finance government operations generally is not taxable if the bond is issued by a state, the District of Columbia, a U.S. possession, or any of their political subdivisions. Political subdivisions include:
• Port authorities,
• Toll road commissions,
• Utility services authorities,
• Community redevelopment agencies, and
• Qualified volunteer fire departments (for certain obligations issued after 1980).
There are other requirements for tax-exempt bonds. Contact the issuing state or local government agency or see sections 103 and 141 through 150 of the Internal Revenue Code and the related regulations.
TIP: Obligations that are not bonds. Interest on a state or local government obligation may be tax exempt even if the obligation is not a bond. For example, interest on a debt evidenced only by an ordinary written agreement of purchase and sale may be tax exempt. Also, interest paid by an insurer on default by the state or political subdivision may be tax exempt.
Registration requirement. A bond issued after June 30, 1983, generally must be in registered form for the interest to be tax exempt.
Indian tribal government. Bonds issued after 1982 by an Indian tribal government (including tribal economic development bonds issued after February 17, 2009) are treated as issued by a state. Interest on these bonds is generally tax exempt if the bonds are part of an issue of which substantially all proceeds are to be used in the exercise of any essential government function. However, the essential government function requirement does not apply to tribal economic development bonds issued after February 17, 2009, for tax-exempt treatment. Interest on private activity bonds (other than certain bonds for tribal manufacturing facilities) is taxable.
Original issue discount. Original issue discount (OID) on tax-exempt state or local government bonds is treated as tax-exempt interest.
For information on the treatment of OID when you dispose of a tax-exempt bond, see Tax-exempt state and local government bonds, later.
Stripped bonds or coupons. For special rules that apply to stripped tax-exempt obligations, see Stripped Bonds and Coupons, later.
Information reporting requirement. If you must file a tax return, you are required to show any tax-exempt interest you received on your return. This is an information reporting requirement only. It does not change tax-exempt interest to taxable interest. See Reporting tax-exempt interest, later in this chapter.
Taxable Interest
Interest on some state or local obligations is taxable.
Federally guaranteed bonds. Interest on federally guaranteed state or local obligations issued after 1983 is generally taxable. This rule does not apply to interest on obligations guaranteed by the following U.S. government agencies.
• Bonneville Power Authority (if the guarantee was under the Northwest Power Act as in effect on July 18, 1984).
• Department of Veterans Affairs.
• Federal home loan banks. (The guarantee must be made after July 30, 2008, in connection with the original bond issue during the period beginning on July 30, 2008, and ending on December 31, 2010 (or a renewal or extension of a guarantee so made) and the bank must meet safety and soundness requirements.)
• Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation.
• Federal Housing Administration.
• Federal National Mortgage Association.
• Government National Mortgage Corporation.
• Resolution Funding Corporation.
• Student Loan Marketing Association.
Tax credit bonds.
Tax credit bonds generally do not pay interest. Instead, the bondholder is allowed an annual tax credit. The credit compensates the holder for lending money to the issuer and functions as interest paid on the bond. Use Form 8912, Credit to Holders of Tax Credit Bonds, to claim the credit for the following tax credit bonds and to figure the amount of the credit to report as interest income.
• Clean renewable energy bond (CREB).
• New clean renewable energy bond (NCREB).
• Qualified energy conservation bond (QECB).
• Qualified zone academy bond (QZAB).
• Qualified school construction bond (QSCB).
• Build America bond (BAB).
Mortgage revenue bonds.
The proceeds of these bonds are used to finance mortgage loans for homebuyers. Generally, interest on state or local government home mortgage bonds issued after April 24, 1979, is taxable unless the bonds are qualified mortgage bonds or qualified veterans' mortgage bonds.
Arbitrage bonds. Interest on arbitrage bonds issued by state or local governments after October 9, 1969, is taxable. An arbitrage bond is a bond any portion of the proceeds of which is expected to be used to buy (or to replace funds used to buy) higher yielding investments. A bond is treated as an arbitrage bond if the issuer intentionally uses any part of the proceeds of the issue in this manner.
Private activity bonds. Interest on a private activity bond that is not a qualified bond (defined below) is taxable. Generally, a private activity bond is part of a state or local government bond issue that meets both the following requirements.
1. More than 10% of the proceeds of the issue is to be used for a private business use.
2. More than 10% of the payment of the principal or interest is:
a. Secured by an interest in property to be used for a private business use (or payments for this property), or
b. Derived from payments for property (or borrowed money) used for a private business use.
Also, a bond is generally considered a private activity bond if the proceeds to be used to make or finance loans to persons other than government units is more than 5% of the proceeds or $5 million (whichever is less).
Qualified bond. Interest on a private activity bond that is a qualified bond is tax exempt. A qualified bond is an exempt-facility bond (including an enterprise zone facility bond, a New York Liberty bond, a Midwestern disaster area bond, a Hurricane Ike disaster area bond, a Gulf Opportunity Zone bond treated as an exempt-facility bond, or any recovery zone facility bond issued after February 17, 2009, and before January 1, 2012), qualified student loan bond, qualified small issue bond (including a tribal manufacturing facility bond), qualified redevelopment bond, qualified mortgage bond (including a Gulf Opportunity Zone bond, a Midwestern disaster area bond, or a Hurricane Ike disaster area bond treated as a qualified mortgage bond), qualified veterans' mortgage bond, or qualified 501(c)(3) bond (a bond issued for the benefit of certain tax-exempt organizations).
Interest you receive on these tax-exempt bonds, if issued after August 7, 1986, generally is a "tax preference item" and may be subject to the alternative minimum tax. See Form 6251 and its instructions for more information.
The interest on the following bonds is not a tax preference item and is not subject to the alternative minimum tax.
• Qualified 501(c)(3) bonds.
• New York Liberty bonds.
• Gulf Opportunity Zone bonds.
• Midwestern disaster area bonds.
• Hurricane Ike disaster area bonds.
• Exempt facility bonds issued after July 30, 2008.
• Qualified mortgage bonds issued after July 30, 2008.
• Qualified veterans' mortgage bonds issued after July 30, 2008.
Qualified bonds issued in 2009 or 2010.
The interest on any qualified bond issued in 2009 or 2010 is not a tax preference item and is not subject to the alternative minimum tax. For this purpose, a refunding bond (whether a current or advanced refunding) is treated as issued on the date the refunded bond was issued (or on the date the original bond was issued in the case of a series of refundings). However, this rule does not apply to any refunding bond issued to refund any qualified bond issued during 2004 through 2008 or after 2010.
Qualified bonds issued after December 31, 2010. A portion of the interest on specified private activity bonds issued after December 31, 2010, may be a tax preference item subject to the alternative minimum tax. The tax preference status will apply to the portion of the interest that remains after reducing it by deductions that would be allowed if the interest were taxable.
Enterprise zone facility bonds. Interest on certain private activity bonds issued by a state or local government to finance a facility used in an empowerment zone or enterprise community is tax exempt.
New York Liberty bonds. New York Liberty bonds are bonds issued after March 9, 2002, to finance the construction and rehabilitation of real property in the designated "Liberty Zone" of New York City. Interest on these bonds issued before 2014 is tax exempt.
Market discount. Market discount on a tax-exempt bond is not tax-exempt. If you bought the bond after April 30, 1993, you can choose to accrue the market discount over the period you own the bond and include it in your income currently as taxable interest. See Market Discount Bonds, later. If you do not make that choice, or if you bought the bond before May 1, 1993, any gain from market discount is taxable when you dispose of the bond.
For more information on the treatment of market discount when you dispose of a tax-exempt bond, see Discounted Debt Instruments, later.
Discount on Debt Instruments
Terms you may need to know (see Glossary):
• Market discount
• Market discount bond
• Original issue discount (OID)
• Premium
A debt instrument, such as a bond, note, debenture, or other evidence of indebtedness, that bears no interest or bears interest at a lower than current market rate will usually be issued at less than its face amount. This discount is, in effect, additional interest income. The following are some types of discounted debt instruments.
• U.S. Treasury bonds.
• Corporate bonds.
• Municipal bonds.
• Certificates of deposit.
• Notes between individuals.
• Stripped bonds and coupons.
• Collateralized debt obligations (CDOs).
The discount on these instruments (except municipal bonds) is taxable in most instances. The discount on municipal bonds generally is not taxable (but see
State or Local Government Obligations,earlier, for exceptions). See also
REMICs, FASITs, and Other CDOs,later, for information about applying the rules discussed in this section to the regular interest holder of a real estate mortgage investment conduit, a financial asset securitization investment trust, or other CDO.
Original Issue Discount (OID)
OID is a form of interest. You generally include OID in your income as it accrues over the term of the debt instrument, whether or not you receive any payments from the issuer.
A debt instrument generally has OID when the instrument is issued for a price that is less than its stated redemption price at maturity. OID is the difference between the stated redemption price at maturity and the issue price.
All debt instruments that pay no interest before maturity are presumed to be issued at a discount. Zero coupon bonds are one example of these instruments.
The OID accrual rules generally do not apply to short-term obligations (those with a fixed maturity date of 1 year or less from date of issue). See Discount on Short-Term Obligations, later.
For information about the sale of a debt instrument with OID, see Original issue discount (OID) on debt instruments, later.
De minimis OID. You can treat the discount as zero if it is less than one-fourth of 1% (.0025) of the stated redemption price at maturity multiplied by the number of full years from the date of original issue to maturity. This small discount is known as "de minimis" OID. In the case of a debt instrument providing for more than one stated principal payment (an installment obligation), the "de minimis" formula described above is modified. See Regulations section 1. Tax-exempt obligations. (However, see later.) 2. U.S. savings bonds. 3. Short-term debt instruments (those with a fixed maturity date of not more than 1 year from the date of issue). 4. Obligations issued by an individual before March 2, 1984. 5. Loans between individuals, if all the following are true. a. The lender is not in the business of lending money. b. The amount of the loan, plus the amount of any outstanding prior loans between the same individuals, is $10,000 or less. c. Avoiding any federal tax is not one of the principal purposes of the loan.
The issuer of the debt instrument (or your broker, if you held the instrument through a broker) should give you Form 1099-OID, or a similar statement, if the total OID for the calendar year is $10 or more. Form 1099-OID will show, in box 1, the amount of OID for the part of the year that you held the bond. It also will show, in box 2, the stated interest you must include in your income. Box 8 shows OID on a U.S. Treasury obligation for the part of the year you owned it and is not included in box 1. A copy of Form 1099-OID will be sent to the IRS. Do not file your copy with your return. Keep it for your records.
In most cases, you must report the entire amount in boxes 1, 2, and 8 of Form 1099-OID as interest income. But see Refiguring OID shown on Form 1099-OID, later in this discussion, and also Original issue discount (OID) adjustment, later in this chapter, for more information.
Form 1099-OID not received. If you had OID for the year but did not receive a Form 1099-OID, you may have to figure the correct amount of OID to report on your return. See Pub. 1212 for details on how to figure the correct OID.
Nominee. If someone else is the holder of record (the registered owner) of an OID instrument belonging to you and receives a Form 1099-OID on your behalf, that person must give you a Form 1099-OID.
If you receive a Form 1099-OID that includes amounts belonging to another person, see Nominee distributions, later.
Refiguring OID shown on Form 1099-OID. You may need to refigure the OID shown in box 1 or box 8 of Form 1099-OID if either of the following apply.
• You bought the debt instrument after its original issue and paid a premium or an acquisition premium.
• The debt instrument is a stripped bond or a stripped coupon (including certain zero coupon instruments). See Figuring OID, later in this chapter.
See
Original issue discount (OID) adjustment,later in this chapter, for information about reporting the correct amount of OID.
Premium. You bought a debt instrument at a premium if its adjusted basis immediately after purchase was greater than the total of all amounts payable on the instrument after the purchase date, other than qualified stated interest.
If you bought an OID debt instrument at a premium, you generally do not have to report any OID as ordinary income.
Qualified stated interest. In general, this is stated interest unconditionally payable in cash or property (other than debt instruments of the issuer) at least annually at a fixed rate.
Acquisition premium. You bought a debt instrument at an acquisition premium if both the following are true.
• You did not pay a premium.
• The instrument's adjusted basis immediately after purchase (including purchase at original issue) was greater than its adjusted issue price. This is the issue price plus the OID previously accrued, minus any payment previously made on the instrument other than qualified stated interest.
Acquisition premium reduces the amount of OID includible in your income. For information about figuring the correct amount of OID to include in your income, see
Figuring OID on Long-Term Debt Instrumentsin
Pub. 1212.
Refiguring periodic interest shown on Form 1099-OID. If you disposed of a debt instrument or acquired it from another holder during the year, see Bonds Sold Between Interest Dates, earlier, for information about the treatment of periodic interest that may be shown in box 2 of Form 1099-OID for that instrument.
Applying the OID Rules
The rules for reporting OID depend on the date the long-term debt instrument was issued.
Debt instruments issued after 1954 and before May 28, 1969 (before July 2, 1982, if a government instrument). For these instruments, you do not report the OID until the year you sell, exchange, or redeem the instrument. If a gain results and the instrument is a capital asset, the amount of gain equal to the OID is ordinary interest income. The rest is capital gain. If there is a loss on the sale of the instrument, the entire loss is a capital loss and no reporting of OID is required.
In general, the amount of gain that is ordinary interest income equals the following amount:
Number of full months
you held the instrument
-------------------------------------- × OID
Number of full months from date of
original issue to date of maturity
Debt instruments issued after May 27, 1969 (after July 1, 1982, if a government instrument), and before 1985.
If you hold these debt instruments as capital assets, you must include a part of the discount in your gross income each year that you own the instruments.
Effect on basis. Your basis in the instrument is increased by the amount of OID you include in your gross income.
Debt instruments issued after 1984. For these debt instruments, you report the total OID that applies each year regardless of whether you hold that debt instrument as a capital asset.
Effect on basis. Your basis in the instrument is increased by the amount of OID you include in your gross income.
Certificates of Deposit (CDs)
If you buy a CD with a maturity of more than 1 year, you must include in income each year a part of the total interest due and report it in the same manner as other OID.
This also applies to similar deposit arrangements with banks, building and loan associations, etc., including:
• Time deposits,
• Bonus plans,
• Savings certificates,
• Deferred income certificates,
• Bonus savings certificates, and
• Growth savings certificates.
Bearer CDs.
CDs issued after 1982 generally must be in registered form. Bearer CDs are CDs not in registered form. They are not issued in the depositor's name and are transferable from one individual to another.
Banks must provide the IRS and the person redeeming a bearer CD with a Form 1099-INT.
Time deposit open account arrangement. This is an arrangement with a fixed maturity date in which you make deposits on a schedule arranged between you and your bank. But there is no actual or constructive receipt of interest until the fixed maturity date is reached. For instance, you and your bank enter into an arrangement under which you agree to deposit $100 each month for a period of 5 years. Interest will be compounded twice a year at 7 1/2%, but payable only at the end of the 5-year period. You must include a part of the interest in your income as OID each year. Each year the bank must give you a Form 1099-OID to show you the amount you must include in your income for the year.
Redemption before maturity. If, before the maturity date, you redeem a deferred interest account for less than its stated redemption price at maturity, you can deduct OID that you previously included in income but did not receive.
Renewable certificates. If you renew a CD at maturity, it is treated as a redemption and a purchase of a new certificate. This is true regardless of the terms of renewal.
Face-Amount Certificates
These certificates are subject to the OID rules. They are a form of endowment contracts issued by insurance or investment companies for either a lump-sum payment or periodic payments, with the face amount becoming payable on the maturity date of the certificate.
In general, the difference between the face amount and the amount you paid for the contract is OID. You must include a part of the OID in your income over the term of the certificate.
The issuer must give you a statement on Form 1099-OID indicating the amount you must include in your income each year.
Inflation-Indexed Debt Instruments
If you hold an inflation-indexed debt instrument (other than a series I U.S. savings bond), you must report as OID any increase in the inflation-adjusted principal amount of the instrument that occurs while you held the instrument during the year. In general, an inflation-indexed debt instrument is a debt instrument on which the payments are adjusted for inflation and deflation (such as Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities). You should receive Form 1099-OID from the payer showing the amount you must report as OID and any qualified stated interest paid to you during the year. For more information, see Pub. 1212.
Stripped Bonds and Coupons
If you strip one or more coupons from a bond and sell the bond or the coupons, the bond and coupons are treated as separate debt instruments issued with OID.
The holder of a stripped bond has the right to receive the principal (redemption price) payment. The holder of a stripped coupon has the right to receive interest on the bond.
Stripped bonds and stripped coupons include:
• Zero coupon instruments available through the Department of the Treasury's Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities (STRIPS) program and government-sponsored enterprises such as the Resolution Funding Corporation and the Financing Corporation, and
• Instruments backed by U.S. Treasury securities that represent ownership interests in those securities, such as obligations backed by U.S. Treasury bonds offered primarily by brokerage firms.
Seller.
If you strip coupons from a bond and sell the bond or coupons, include in income the interest that accrued while you held the bond before the date of sale, to the extent you did not previously include this interest in your income. For an obligation acquired after October 22, 1986, you must also include the market discount that accrued before the date of sale of the stripped bond (or coupon) to the extent you did not previously include this discount in your income.
Add the interest and market discount that you include in income to the basis of the bond and coupons. Allocate this adjusted basis between the items you keep and the items you sell, based on the fair market value of the items. The difference between the sale price of the bond (or coupon) and the allocated basis of the bond (or coupon) is your gain or loss from the sale.
Treat any item you keep as an OID bond originally issued and bought by you on the sale date of the other items. If you keep the bond, treat the amount of the redemption price of the bond that is more than the basis of the bond as OID. If you keep the coupons, treat the amount payable on the coupons that is more than the basis of the coupons as OID.
Buyer. If you buy a stripped bond or stripped coupon, treat it as if it were originally issued on the date you buy it. If you buy a stripped bond, treat as OID any excess of the stated redemption price at maturity over your purchase price. If you buy a stripped coupon, treat as OID any excess of the amount payable on the due date of the coupon over your purchase price.
Figuring OID. The rules for figuring OID on stripped bonds and stripped coupons depend on the date the debt instruments were purchased, not the date issued.
You must refigure OID shown on the Form 1099-OID you receive for a stripped bond or coupon. For information about figuring the correct amount of OID on these instruments to include in your income, see Figuring OID on Stripped Bonds and Coupons in Pub. 1212. Owners of stripped bonds and coupons should not rely on the OID shown in Section II of the OID tables (available by going to IRS.gov and searching for "OID Tables") because the amounts listed in Section II for stripped bonds or coupons are figured without reference to the date or price at which you acquired them.
Stripped inflation-indexed debt instruments. OID on stripped inflation-indexed debt instruments is figured under the discount bond method. This method is described in Regulations section Pub. 1212.
Market Discount Bonds
A market discount bond is any bond having market discount except:
• Short-term obligations (those with fixed maturity dates of up to 1 year from the date of issue),
• Tax-exempt obligations you bought before May 1, 1993,
• U.S. savings bonds, and
• Certain installment obligations.
Market discount arises when the value of a debt obligation decreases after its issue date. Generally, this is due to an increase in interest rates. If you buy a bond on the secondary market, it may have market discount.
When you buy a market discount bond, you can choose to accrue the market discount over the period you own the bond and include it in your income currently as interest income. If you do not make this choice, the following rules generally apply.
• You must treat any gain when you dispose of the bond as ordinary interest income, up to the amount of the accrued market discount. See
Discounted Debt Instruments,later.
• You must treat any partial payment of principal on the bond as ordinary interest income, up to the amount of the accrued market discount. See Partial principal payments, later in this discussion.
• If you borrow money to buy or carry the bond, your deduction for interest paid on the debt is limited. See Limit on interest deduction for market discount bonds, later.
Market discount.
Market discount is the amount of the stated redemption price of a bond at maturity that is more than your basis in the bond immediately after you acquire it. You treat market discount as zero if it is less than one-fourth of 1% (.0025) of the stated redemption price of the bond multiplied by the number of full years to maturity (after you acquire the bond).
If a market discount bond also has OID, the market discount is the sum of the bond's issue price and the total OID includible in the gross income of all holders (for a tax-exempt bond, the total OID that accrued) before you acquired the bond, reduced by your basis in the bond immediately after you acquired it.
Bonds acquired at original issue. Generally, a bond you acquired at original issue is not a market discount bond. If your adjusted basis in a bond is determined by reference to the adjusted basis of another person who acquired the bond at original issue, you are also considered to have acquired it at original issue.
Exceptions. A bond you acquired at original issue can be a market discount bond if either of the following is true.
• Your cost basis in the bond is less than the bond's issue price.
• The bond is issued in exchange for a market discount bond under a plan of reorganization. (This does not apply if the bond is issued in exchange for a market discount bond issued before July 19, 1984, and the terms and interest rates of both bonds are the same.)
Accrued market discount.
The accrued market discount is figured in one of two ways.
Ratable accrual method. Treat the market discount as accruing in equal daily installments during the period you hold the bond. Figure the daily installments by dividing the market discount by the number of days after the date you acquired the bond, up to and including its maturity date. Multiply the daily installments by the number of days you held the bond to figure your accrued market discount.
Constant yield method. Instead of using the ratable accrual method, you can choose to figure the accrued discount using a constant interest rate (the constant yield method). Make this choice by attaching to your timely filed return a statement identifying the bond and stating that you are making a constant interest rate election. The choice takes effect on the date you acquired the bond. If you choose to use this method for any bond, you cannot change your choice for that bond.
For information about using the constant yield method, see Constant yield method under Debt Instruments Issued After 1984 in Pub. 1212. To use this method to figure market discount (instead of OID), treat the bond as having been issued on the date you acquired it. Treat the amount of your basis (immediately after you acquired the bond) as the issue price and apply the formula shown in Pub. 1212.
Choosing to include market discount in income currently. You can make this choice if you have not revoked a prior choice to include market discount in income currently within the last 5 calendar years. Make the choice by attaching to your timely filed return a statement in which you:
• State that you have included market discount in your gross income for the year under section 1278(b) of the Internal Revenue Code, and
• Describe the method you used to figure the accrued market discount for the year.
Once you make this choice, it will apply to all market discount bonds you acquire during the tax year and in later tax years. You cannot revoke your choice without the consent of the IRS. For information on how to revoke your choice, see section 32 of
Revenue Procedure 2015-14in Internal Revenue Bulletin 2015-5. You can find this revenue procedure at
http://www.irs.gov/irb/2015-5_IRB/ar13.html.Also see Election To Report All Interest as OID, later. If you make that election, you must use the constant yield method.
Effect on basis. You increase the basis of your bonds by the amount of market discount you include in your income.
Partial principal payments. If you receive a partial payment of principal on a market discount bond you acquired after October 22, 1986, and you did not choose to include the discount in income currently, you must treat the payment as ordinary interest income up to the amount of the bond's accrued market discount. Reduce the amount of accrued market discount reportable as interest at disposition by that amount.
There are three methods you can use to figure accrued market discount for this purpose.
1. On the basis of the constant yield method, described earlier.
2. In proportion to the accrual of OID for any accrual period, if the debt instrument has OID.
3. In proportion to the amount of stated interest paid in the accrual period, if the debt instrument has no OID.
Under method (2) above, figure accrued market discount for a period by multiplying the total remaining market discount by a fraction. The numerator (top part) of the fraction is the OID for the period, and the denominator (bottom part) is the total remaining OID at the beginning of the period.
Under method (3) above, figure accrued market discount for a period by multiplying the total remaining market discount by a fraction. The numerator is the stated interest paid in the accrual period, and the denominator is the total stated interest remaining to be paid at the beginning of the accrual period.
Discount on Short-Term Obligations
When you buy a short-term obligation (one with a fixed maturity date of 1 year or less from the date of issue), other than a tax-exempt obligation, you can generally choose to include any discount and interest payable on the obligation in income currently. If you do not make this choice, the following rules generally apply.
• You must treat any gain when you sell, exchange, or redeem the obligation as ordinary income, up to the amount of the ratable share of the discount. See
Discounted Debt Instruments,later.
• If you borrow money to buy or carry the obligation, your deduction for interest paid on the debt is limited. See Limit on interest deduction for short-term obligations, later.
Short-term obligations for which no choice is available.
You must include any discount or interest in current income as it accrues for any short-term obligation (other than a tax-exempt obligation) that is:
• Held by an accrual-basis taxpayer;
• Held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of your trade or business;
• Held by a bank, regulated investment company, or common trust fund;
• Held by certain pass-through entities;
• Identified as part of a hedging transaction; or
• A stripped bond or stripped coupon held by the person who stripped the bond or coupon (or by any other person whose basis in the obligation is determined by reference to the basis in the hands of the person who stripped the bond or coupon).
Effect on basis.
Increase the basis of your obligation by the amount of discount you include in income currently.
Figuring the accrued discount. Figure the accrued discount by using either the ratable accrual method or the constant yield method discussed in Accrued market discount, earlier.
Government obligations. For an obligation described above that is a short-term government obligation, the amount you include in your income for the current year is the accrued acquisition discount, if any, plus any other accrued interest payable on the obligation. The acquisition discount is the stated redemption price at maturity minus your basis.
If you choose to use the constant yield method to figure accrued acquisition discount, treat the cost of acquiring the obligation as the issue price. If you choose to use this method, you cannot change your choice.
Nongovernment obligations. For an obligation listed above that is not a government obligation, the amount you include in your income for the current year is the accrued OID, if any, plus any other accrued interest payable. If you choose the constant yield method to figure accrued OID, apply it by using the obligation's issue price.
Choosing to include accrued acquisition discount instead of OID. You can choose to report accrued acquisition discount (defined earlier under Government obligations) rather than accrued OID on these short-term obligations. Your choice will apply to the year for which it is made and to all later years and cannot be changed without the consent of the IRS.
You must make your choice by the due date of your return, including extensions, for the first year for which you are making the choice. Attach a statement to your return or amended return indicating:
• Your name, address, and social security number;
• The choice you are making and that it is being made under section 1283(c)(2) of the Internal Revenue Code;
• The period for which the choice is being made and the obligation to which it applies; and
• Any other information necessary to show you are entitled to make this choice.
Choosing to include accrued discount and other interest in current income.
If you acquire short-term discount obligations that are not subject to the rules for current inclusion in income of the accrued discount or other interest, you can choose to have those rules apply. This choice applies to all short-term obligations you acquire during the year and in all later years. You cannot change this choice without the consent of the IRS.
The procedures to use in making this choice are the same as those described for choosing to include acquisition discount instead of OID on nongovernment obligations in current income. However, you should indicate that you are making the choice under section 1282(b)(2) of the Internal Revenue Code.
Also see the following discussion. If you make the election to report all interest currently as OID, you must use the constant yield method.
Election To Report All Interest as OID
Generally, you can elect to treat all interest on a debt instrument acquired during the tax year as OID and include it in income currently. For purposes of this election, interest includes stated interest, acquisition discount, OID, de minimis OID, market discount, de minimis market discount, and unstated interest as adjusted by any amortizable bond premium or acquisition premium. See Regulations section • Accrual method • Cash method
When to report your interest income depends on whether you use the cash method or an accrual method to report income.
Cash method. Most individual taxpayers use the cash method. If you use this method, you generally report your interest income in the year in which you actually or constructively receive it. However, there are special rules for reporting the discount on certain debt instruments. See U.S. Savings Bonds and Discount on Debt Instruments, earlier.
Example. On September 1, 2013, you loaned another individual $2,000 at 12% compounded annually. You are not in the business of lending money. The note stated that principal and interest would be due on August 31, 2015. In 2015, you received $2,508.80 ($2,000 principal and $508.80 interest). If you use the cash method, you must include in income on your 2015 return the $508.80 interest you received in that year.
Constructive receipt. You constructively receive income when it is credited to your account or made available to you. You do not need to have physical possession of it. For example, you are considered to receive interest, dividends, or other earnings on any deposit or account in a bank, savings and loan, or similar financial institution, or interest on life insurance policy dividends left to accumulate, when they are credited to your account and subject to your withdrawal. This is true even if they are not yet entered in your passbook.
You constructively receive income on the deposit or account even if you must:
• Make withdrawals in multiples of even amounts,
• Give a notice to withdraw before making the withdrawal,
• Withdraw all or part of the account to withdraw the earnings, or
• Pay a penalty on early withdrawals, unless the interest you are to receive on an early withdrawal or redemption is substantially less than the interest payable at maturity.
Accrual method.
If you use an accrual method, you report your interest income when you earn it, whether or not you have received it. Interest is earned over the term of the debt instrument.
Example. If, in the previous example, you use an accrual method, you must include the interest in your income as you earn it. You would report the interest as follows: 2013, $80; 2014, $249.60; and 2015, $179.20.
Coupon bonds. Generally, interest on coupon bonds is taxable in the year the coupon becomes due and payable. It does not matter when you mail the coupon for payment.
How To Report Interest Income
Terms you may need to know (see Glossary):
• Nominee
• Original issue discount (OID)
Generally, you report all your taxable interest income on Form 1040A, line 8a; or Form 1040EZ, line 2.
You cannot use Form 1040EZ if your taxable interest income is more than $1,500. Instead, you must use Form 1040.
In addition, you cannot use Form 1040EZ if you must use Form 1040, as described later, or if any of the statements listed under Schedule B (Form 1040A or 1040), later, are true.
Form 1040A. You must complete Schedule B (Form 1040A or 1040), Part I, if you file Form 1040A and any of the following are true.
1. Your taxable interest income is more than $1,500.
2. You are claiming the interest exclusion under the Education Savings Bond Program (discussed earlier).
3. You received interest from a seller-financed mortgage, and the buyer used the property as a home.
4. You received a Form 1099-INT for U.S. savings bond interest that includes amounts you reported in a previous tax year.
5. You received, as a nominee, interest that actually belongs to someone else.
6. You received a Form 1099-INT for interest on frozen deposits.
7. You are reporting OID in an amount less than the amount shown on Form 1099-OID.
8. You received a Form 1099-INT for interest on a bond you bought between interest payment dates.
9. You acquired taxable bonds after 1987 and choose to reduce interest income from the bonds by any amortizable bond premium (discussed in chapter 3 under Bond Premium Amortization).
List each payer's name and the amount of interest income received from each payer on line 1. If you received a Form 1099-OID from a brokerage firm, list the brokerage firm as the payer.
You cannot use Form 1040A if you must use Form 1040, as described next.
Form 1040. You must use Form 1040 instead of Form 1040EZ if:
1. You forfeited interest income because of the early withdrawal of a time deposit;
2. You acquired taxable bonds after 1987, you choose to reduce interest income from the bonds by any amortizable bond premium, and you are deducting the excess of bond premium amortization for the accrual period over the qualified stated interest for the period (discussed in chapter 3 under Bond Premium Amortization); or
3. You received tax-exempt interest from private activity bonds issued after August 7, 1986.
Schedule B (Form 1040A or 1040).
You must complete Schedule B (Form 1040A or 1040), Part I, if you file Form 1040 and any of the following apply.
1. Your taxable interest income is more than $1,500.
2. You are claiming the interest exclusion under the Education Savings Bond Program (discussed earlier).
3. You received interest from a seller-financed mortgage, and the buyer used the property as a home.
4. You received a Form 1099-INT for U.S. savings bond interest that includes amounts you reported in a previous tax year.
5. You received, as a nominee, interest that actually belongs to someone else.
6. You received a Form 1099-INT for interest on frozen deposits.
7. You received a Form 1099-INT for interest on a bond you bought between interest payment dates.
8. You are reporting OID in an amount less than the amount shown on Form 1099-OID.
9. Statement (2) in the preceding list is true.
In Part I, line 1, list each payer's name and the amount received from each. If you received a Form 1099-OID from a brokerage firm, list the brokerage firm as the payer.
Reporting tax-exempt interest. Total your tax-exempt interest (such as interest or accrued OID on certain state and municipal bonds, including zero coupon municipal bonds) reported on Form 1099-INT, box 8, and exempt-interest dividends from a mutual fund or other regulated investment company reported on Form 1099-DIV, box 10. Add these amounts to any other tax-exempt interest you received. Report the total on line 8b of Form 1040.
If you file Form 1040EZ, enter "TEI" and the amount in the space to the left of line 2. Do not add tax-exempt interest in the total on Form 1040EZ, line 2.
Form 1099-DIV, box 11, show the tax-exempt interest subject to the alternative minimum tax on Form 6251. These amounts are already included in the amounts on Form 1099-INT, box 8, and Form 1099-DIV, box 10. Do not add the amounts in Form 1099-INT, box 9, and Form 1099-DIV, box 11, to, or subtract them from, the amounts on Form 1099-INT, box 8, and Form 1099-DIV, box 10.
CAUTION: Do not report interest from an individual retirement arrangement (IRA) as tax-exempt interest.
Form 1099-INT. Your taxable interest income, except for interest from U.S. savings bonds and Treasury obligations, is shown in box 1 of Form 1099-INT. Add this amount to any other taxable interest income you received. See the Instructions for Form 1099-INT if you have interest from a security acquired at a premium. You must report all your taxable interest income even if you do not receive a Form 1099-INT. Contact your financial institution if you do not receive a Form 1099-INT by February 15. Your identifying number may be truncated on any paper Form 1099-INT you receive.
If you forfeited interest income because of the early withdrawal of a time deposit, the deductible amount will be shown on Form 1099-INT in box 2. See Penalty on early withdrawal of savings, later.
Box 3 of Form 1099-INT shows the interest income you received from U.S. savings bonds, Treasury bills, Treasury notes, and Treasury bonds. Generally, add the amount shown in box 3 to any other taxable interest income you received. If part of the amount shown in box 3 was previously included in your interest income, see U.S. savings bond interest previously reported, later. If you redeemed U.S. savings bonds you bought after 1989 and you paid qualified educational expenses, see Interest excluded under the Education Savings Bond Program, later.
Box 4 of Form 1099-INT will contain an amount if you were subject to backup withholding. Include the amount from box 4 on Form 1040EZ, line 7; on Form 1040A, line 40; or on Form 1040, line 64.
Box 5 of Form 1099-INT shows investment expenses you may be able to deduct as an itemized deduction. Chapter 3 discusses investment expenses.
If there are entries in boxes 6 and 7 of Form 1099-INT, you must file Form 1040. You may be able to take a credit for the amount shown in box 6 unless you deduct this amount on line 8 of Schedule A (Form 1040). To take the credit, you may have to file Form 1116, Foreign Tax Credit. For more information, see Pub. 514, Foreign Tax Credit for Individuals.
For a covered security, if you made an election under section 1278(b) to include market discount in income as it accrues and you notified your payer of the election, box 10 shows the market discount that accrued on the debt instrument during the year while held by you. Report this amount on your income tax return as directed in the instructions for Form 1040 or Form 1040A.
For a covered security, box 11 shows the amount of premium amortization for the year, unless you notified the payer in writing in accordance with Regulations section 1.171-2(a)(4).
Form 1099-OID. The taxable OID on a discounted obligation for the part of the year you owned it is shown in box 1 of Form 1099-OID. Include this amount in your total taxable interest income. But see Refiguring OID shown on Form 1099-OID, earlier. Your identifying number may be truncated on any paper Form 1099-OID you receive.
You must report all taxable OID even if you do not receive a Form 1099-OID.
Box 2 of Form 1099-OID shows any taxable interest on the obligation other than OID. Add this amount to the OID shown in box 1 and include the result in your total taxable income.
If you forfeited interest or principal on the obligation because of an early withdrawal, the deductible amount will be shown in box 3. See Penalty on early withdrawal of savings, later.
Box 4 of Form 1099-OID will contain an amount if you were subject to backup withholding. Report the amount from box 4 on Form 1040EZ, line 7; on Form 1040A, line 40; or on Form 1040, line 64.
Box 9 of Form 1099-OID shows investment expenses you may be able to deduct as an itemized deduction. Chapter 3 discusses investment expenses.
U.S. savings bond interest previously reported. If you received a Form 1099-INT for U.S. savings bond interest, the form may show interest you do not have to report. See Form 1099-INT for U.S. savings bond interest, earlier.
On Schedule B (Form 1040A or 1040), Part I, line 1, report all the interest shown on your Form 1099-INT. Then follow these steps.
1. Several lines above line 2, enter a subtotal of all interest listed on line 1.
2. Below the subtotal enter "U.S. Savings Bond Interest Previously Reported" and enter amounts previously reported or interest accrued before you received the bond.
3. Subtract these amounts from the subtotal and enter the result on line 2.
Example 1.
Your parents bought U.S. savings bonds for you when you were a child. The bonds were issued in your name, and the interest on the bonds was reported each year as it accrued. See
Choice to report interest each year,earlier.
In March 2015, you redeemed one of the bonds -- a $1,000 series EE bond. The bond was originally issued in March 1996. When you redeemed the bond, you received $1,018.40 for it.
The Form 1099-INT you received shows interest income of $518.40. However, since the interest on your savings bonds was reported yearly, you need only include the $6.80 interest that accrued from January 2015 to March 2015.
You received no other taxable interest for 2015. You file Form 1040A.
On Schedule B (Form 1040A or 1040), Part I, line 1, enter your interest income as shown on Form 1099-INT -- $518.40. (If you had other taxable interest income, you would enter it next and then enter a subtotal, as described earlier, before going to the next step.) Several lines above line 2, enter "U.S. Savings Bond Interest Previously Reported" and enter $511.60 ($518.40 - $6.80). Subtract $511.60 from $518.40 and enter $6.80 on line 2. Enter $6.80 on Schedule B (Form 1040A or 1040), line 4, and on Form 1040A, line 8a.
Example 2. Your uncle died and left you a $1,000 series EE bond. You redeem the bond when it reaches maturity.
Your uncle paid $500 for the bond, so $500 of the amount you receive upon redemption is interest income. Your uncle's executor included in your uncle's final return $200 of the interest that had accrued at the time of your uncle's death. You have to include only $300 in your income.
The bank where you redeem the bond gives you a Form 1099-INT showing interest income of $500. You also receive a Form 1099-INT showing taxable interest income of $300 from your savings account.
You file Schedule B (Form 1040A or 1040). On line 1 of Schedule B (Form 1040A or 1040), you list the $500 and $300 interest amounts shown on your Forms 1099. Several lines above line 2, you put a subtotal of $800. Below this subtotal, enter "U.S. Savings Bond Interest Previously Reported" and enter the $200 interest included in your uncle's final return. Subtract the $200 from the subtotal and enter $600 on line 2. You then complete the rest of the form.
Worksheet for savings bonds distributed from a retirement or profit-sharing plan. If you cashed a savings bond acquired in a taxable distribution from a retirement or profit-sharing plan (as discussed under U.S. Savings Bonds, earlier), your interest income does not include the interest accrued before the distribution and taxed as a distribution from the plan.
Use the worksheet below to figure the amount you subtract from the interest shown on Form 1099-INT.
A. Enter the amount of cash received upon
redemption of the bond ______
B. Enter the value of the bond at the time of
distribution by the plan ______
C. Subtract the amount on line B from the
amount on line A. This is the amount of
interest accrued on the bond since it was
distributed by the plan ______
D. Enter the amount of interest shown on
your Form 1099-INT ______
E. Subtract the amount on line C from the
amount on line D. This is the amount you
include in "U.S. Savings Bond Interest
Previously Reported"
======
Your employer should tell you the value of each bond on the date it was distributed.
Example. You received a distribution of series EE U.S. savings bonds in December 2012 from your company's profit-sharing plan.
In March 2015, you redeemed a $100 series EE bond that was part of the distribution you received in 2012. You received $83.36 for the bond the company bought in May 1998. The value of the bond at the time of distribution in 2012 was $81.40. (This is the amount you included on your 2012 return.) The bank gave you a Form 1099-INT that shows $31.40 interest (the total interest from the date the bond was purchased to the date of redemption). Since a part of the interest was included in your income in 2012, you need to include in your 2015 income only the interest that accrued after the bond was distributed to you.
On Schedule B (Form 1040A or 1040), line 1, include all the interest shown on your Form 1099-INT as well as any other taxable interest income you received. Several lines above line 2, put a subtotal of all interest listed on line 1. Below this subtotal enter "U.S. Savings Bond Interest Previously Reported" and enter the amount figured on the worksheet below.
A. Enter the amount of cash received upon
redemption of the bond
$83.36
B. Enter the value of the bond at the time of
distribution by the plan
$81.40
C. Subtract the amount on line B from the
amount on line A. This is the amount of
interest accrued on the bond since it
was distributed by the plan
$1.96
D. Enter the amount of interest shown on
your Form 1099-INT
$33.36
E. Subtract the amount on line C from the
amount on line D. This is the amount you
include in "U.S. Savings Bond Interest
Previously Reported" $31.40
======
Subtract $31.40 from the subtotal and enter the result on Schedule B (Form 1040A or 1040), line 2. You then complete the rest of the form.
Interest excluded under the Education Savings Bond Program. Use Form 8815 to figure your interest exclusion when you redeem qualified savings bonds and pay qualified higher educational expenses during the same year.
For more information on the exclusion and qualified higher educational expenses, see the earlier discussion under Education Savings Bond Program.
You must show your total interest from qualified savings bonds you cashed during 2015 on Schedule B (Form 1040A or 1040). After completing Form 8815, enter the result from line 14 (Form 8815) on Schedule B (Form 1040A or 1040), line 3.
Interest on seller-financed mortgage. If an individual buys his or her home from you in a sale that you finance, you must report the amount of interest received on Schedule B (Form 1040A or 1040), line 1. Include on line 1 the buyer's name, address, and SSN. If you do not, you may have to pay a $50 penalty. The buyer may have to pay a $50 penalty if he or she does not give you this information.
You must also give your name, address, and SSN (or employer identification number) to the buyer. If you do not, you may have to pay a $50 penalty.
Frozen deposits. Even if you receive a Form 1099-INT for interest on deposits that you could not withdraw at the end of 2015, you must exclude these amounts from your gross income. (See Interest income on frozen deposits, earlier.) Do not include this income on line 8a of Schedule B (Form 1040A or 1040), Part I, include the full amount of interest shown on your Form 1099-INT on line 1. Several lines above line 2, put a subtotal of all interest income. Below this subtotal, enter "Frozen Deposits" and show the amount of interest that you are excluding. Subtract this amount from the subtotal and enter the result on line 2.
Accrued interest on bonds. If you received a Form 1099-INT that reflects accrued interest paid on a bond you bought between interest payment dates, include the full amount shown as interest on the Form 1099-INT on Schedule B (Form 1040A or 1040), Part I, line 1. Then, below a subtotal of all interest income listed, enter "Accrued Interest" and the amount of accrued interest you paid to the seller. That amount is taxable to the seller, not you. Subtract that amount from the interest income subtotal. Enter the result on line 2 and also on line 8a of 1040.
For more information, see Bonds Sold Between Interest Dates, earlier.
Nominee distributions. If you received a Form 1099-INT that includes an amount you received as a nominee for the real owner, report the full amount shown as interest on the Form 1099-INT on Part I, line 1 of Schedule B (Form 1040A or 1040). Then, below a subtotal of all interest income listed, enter "Nominee Distribution" and the amount that actually belongs to someone else. Subtract that amount from the interest income subtotal. Enter the result on line 2 and also on line 8a of Form 1040A or 1040.
File Form 1099-INT with the IRS. If you received interest as a nominee in 2015, you must file a Form 1099-INT for that interest with the IRS. Send Copy A of Form 1099-INT with a Form 1096, Annual Summary and Transmittal of U.S. Information Returns, to your Internal Revenue Service Center by February 29, 2016 (March 31, 2016, if you file Form 1099-INT electronically). Give the actual owner of the interest Copy B of the Form 1099-INT by February 1, 2016. On Form 1099-INT, you should be listed as the "Payer." Prepare one Form 1099-INT for each other owner and show that person as the "Recipient." However, you do not have to file Form 1099-INT to show payments for your spouse. For more information about the reporting requirements and the penalties for failure to file (or furnish) certain information returns, see the General Instructions for Certain Information Returns.
Similar rules apply to OID reported to you as a nominee on Form 1099-OID. You must file a Form 1099-OID with Form 1096 to show the proper distributions of the OID.
Example. You and your sister have a joint savings account that paid $1,500 interest for 2015. Your sister deposited 30% of the funds in this account, and you and she have agreed to share the yearly interest income in proportion to the amount each of you has invested. Because your SSN was given to the bank, you received a Form 1099-INT for 2015 that includes the interest income earned belonging to your sister. This amount is $450, or 30% of the total interest of $1,500.
You must give your sister a Form 1099-INT by February 1, 2016, showing $450 of interest income she earned for 2015. You must also send a copy of the nominee Form 1099-INT, along with Form 1096, to the Internal Revenue Service Center by February 29, 2016 (March 31, 2016, if you file Form 1099-INT electronically). Show your own name, address, and SSN as that of the "Payer" on the Form 1099-INT. Show your sister's name, address, and SSN in the blocks provided for identification of the "Recipient."
When you prepare your own federal income tax return, report the total amount of interest income, $1,500, on Schedule B (Form 1040A or 1040), Part I, line 1, and identify the name of the bank that paid this interest. Show the amount belonging to your sister, $450, as a subtraction from a subtotal of all interest on Schedule B (Form 1040A or 1040) and identify this subtraction as a "Nominee Distribution." (Your sister will report the $450 of interest income on her own tax return, if she has to file a return, and identify you as the payer of that amount.)
Original issue discount (OID) adjustment. If you are reporting OID in an amount less than the amount shown on Form 1099-OID or other written statement (such as for a REMIC regular interest), include the full amount of OID shown on your Form 1099-OID or other statement on Schedule B (Form 1040A or 1040), Part I, line 1. Show OID you do not have to report below a subtotal of the interest and OID listed. Identify the amount as "OID Adjustment" and subtract it from the subtotal.
Penalty on early withdrawal of savings. If you withdraw funds from a certificate of deposit or other deferred interest account before maturity, you may be charged a penalty. The Form 1099-INT or similar statement given to you by the financial institution will show the total amount of interest in box 1 and will show the penalty separately in box 2. You must include in income all interest shown in box 1. You can deduct the penalty on Form 1040, line 30. Deduct the entire penalty even if it is more than your interest income.
Dividends and Other Distributions
Dividends are distributions of money, stock, or other property paid to you by a corporation or by a mutual fund. You also may receive dividends through a partnership, an estate, a trust, or an association that is taxed as a corporation. However, some amounts you receive called dividends are actually interest income. See Dividends that are actually interest, earlier.
The most common kinds of distributions are:
• Ordinary dividends,
• Capital gain distributions, and
• Nondividend distributions.
Most distributions are paid in cash (check). However, distributions can consist of more stock, stock rights, other property, or services.
Form 1099-DIV. Most corporations use Form 1099-DIV to show you the distributions you received from them during the year. Keep this form with your records. You do not have to attach it to your tax return. Your identifying number may be truncated on any paper Form 1099-DIV you receive.
Dividends not reported on Form 1099-DIV. Even if you do not receive Form 1099-DIV, you must still report all your taxable dividend income. For example, you may receive distributive shares of dividends from partnerships or S corporations. These dividends are reported to you on Schedule K-1 (Form 1065) and Schedule K-1 (Form 1120S).
Nominees. If someone receives distributions as a nominee for you, that person will give you a Form 1099-DIV, which will show distributions received on your behalf.
If you receive a Form 1099-DIV that includes amounts belonging to another person, see Nominees under How To Report Dividend Income, later, for more information.
Form 1099-MISC. Certain substitute payments in lieu of dividends or tax-exempt interest received by a broker on your behalf must be reported to you on Form 1099-MISC, Miscellaneous Income, or a similar statement. See also Reporting Substitute Payments, later.
Incorrect amount shown on a Form 1099. If you receive a Form 1099 that shows an incorrect amount (or other incorrect information), you should ask the issuer for a corrected form. The new Form 1099 you receive will be marked "Corrected."
Dividends on stock sold. If stock is sold, exchanged, or otherwise disposed of after a dividend is declared but before it is paid, the owner of record (usually the payee shown on the dividend check) must include the dividend in income.
Dividends received in January. If a mutual fund (or other regulated investment company) or real estate investment trust (REIT) declares a dividend (including any exempt-interest dividend or capital gain distribution) in October, November, or December, payable to shareholders of record on a date in one of those months but actually pays the dividend during January of the next calendar year, you are considered to have received the dividend on December 31. You report the dividend in the year it was declared.
Ordinary Dividends
Ordinary dividends are the most common type of distribution from a corporation or a mutual fund. They are paid out of earnings and profits and are ordinary income to you. This means they are not capital gains. You can assume that any dividend you receive on common or preferred stock is an ordinary dividend unless the paying corporation or mutual fund tells you otherwise. Ordinary dividends will be shown in box 1a of the Form 1099-DIV you receive.
Qualified Dividends
Qualified dividends are the ordinary dividends subject to the same 0%, 15%, or 20% maximum tax rate that applies to net capital gain. They should be shown in box 1b of the Form 1099-DIV you receive.
The maximum rate of tax on qualified dividends is:
• 0% on any amount that otherwise would be taxed at a 10% or 15% rate.
• 15% on any amount that otherwise would be taxed at rates greater than 15% but less than 39.6%.
• 20% on any amount that otherwise would be taxed at a 39.6% rate.
To qualify for the maximum rate, all of the following requirements must be met.
• The dividends must have been paid by a U.S. corporation or a qualified foreign corporation. (See
Qualified foreign corporation, later.)
• The dividends are not of the type listed later under Dividends that are not qualified dividends.
• You meet the holding period (discussed next).
Holding period.
You must have held the stock for more than 60 days during the 121-day period that begins 60 days before the ex-dividend date. The ex-dividend date is the first date following the declaration of a dividend on which the buyer of a stock is not entitled to receive the next dividend payment. When counting the number of days you held the stock, include the day you disposed of the stock, but not the day you acquired it. See the examples, below.
Exception for preferred stock. In the case of preferred stock, you must have held the stock more than 90 days during the 181-day period that begins 90 days before the ex-dividend date if the dividends are due to periods totaling more than 366 days. If the preferred dividends are due to periods totaling less than 367 days, the holding period in the preceding paragraph applies.
Example 1. You bought 5,000 shares of XYZ Corp. common stock on July 9, 2015. XYZ Corp. paid a cash dividend of 10 cents per share. The ex-dividend date was July 16, 2015. Your Form 1099-DIV from XYZ Corp. shows $500 in box 1a (ordinary dividends) and in box 1b (qualified dividends). However, you sold the 5,000 shares on August 12, 2015. You held your shares of XYZ Corp. for only 34 days of the 121-day period (from July 10, 2015, through August 12, 2015). The 121-day period began on May 17, 2015 (60 days before the ex-dividend date), and ended on September 14, 2015. You have no qualified dividends from XYZ Corp. because you held the XYZ stock for less than 61 days.
Example 2. Assume the same facts as in Example 1 except that you bought the stock on July 15, 2015 (the day before the ex-dividend date), and you sold the stock on September 16, 2015. You held the stock for 63 days (from July 16, 2015, through September 16, 2015). The $500 of qualified dividends shown in box 1b of your Form 1099-DIV are all qualified dividends because you held the stock for 61 days of the 121-day period (from July 16, 2015, through September 14, 2015).
Example 3. You bought 10,000 shares of ABC Mutual Fund common stock on July 9, 2015. ABC Mutual Fund paid a cash dividend of 10 cents per share. The ex-dividend date was July 16, 2015. The ABC Mutual Fund advises you that the portion of the dividend eligible to be treated as qualified dividends equals 2 cents per share. Your Form 1099-DIV from ABC Mutual Fund shows total ordinary dividends of $1,000 and qualified dividends of $200. However, you sold the 10,000 shares on August 12, 2015. You have no qualified dividends from ABC Mutual Fund because you held the ABC Mutual Fund stock for less than 61 days.
Holding period reduced where risk of loss is diminished. When determining whether you met the minimum holding period discussed earlier, you cannot count any day during which you meet any of the following conditions.
1. You had an option to sell, were under a contractual obligation to sell, or had made (and not closed) a short sale of substantially identical stock or securities.
2. You were grantor (writer) of an option to buy substantially identical stock or securities.
3. Your risk of loss is diminished by holding one or more other positions in substantially similar or related property.
For information about how to apply condition (3), see Regulations section
.Qualified foreign corporation. A foreign corporation is a qualified foreign corporation if it meets any of the following conditions.
1. The corporation is incorporated in a U.S. possession.
2. The corporation is eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive income tax treaty with the United States that the Department of the Treasury determines is satisfactory for this purpose and that includes an exchange of information program. For a list of those treaties, see Table 1-3.
3. The corporation does not meet (1) or (2) above, but the stock for which the dividend is paid is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. See Readily tradable stock, later.
Exception.
A corporation is not a qualified foreign corporation if it is a passive foreign investment company during its tax year in which the dividends are paid or during its previous tax year.
Controlled foreign corporation (CFC). Dividends paid out of a CFC's earnings and profits that were not previously taxed are qualified dividends if the CFC is otherwise a qualified foreign corporation and the other requirements in this discussion are met. Certain dividends paid by a CFC that would be treated as a passive foreign investment company but for section 1297(d) of the Internal Revenue Code may be treated as qualified dividends. For more information, see Notice 2004-70, which can be found at http://www.irs.gov/irb/2004-44_IRB/ar09.html.
Readily tradable stock. Any stock or American depositary receipt in respect of that stock is considered to satisfy requirement (3) under Qualified foreign corporation, if it is listed on a national securities exchange that is registered under section 6 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or on the Nasdaq Stock Market. For a list of the exchanges that meet these requirements, see http://www.sec.gov/divisions/marketreg/mrexchanges.shtml.
Table 1-3. Income Tax Treaties
--------------------------------------------
Income tax treaties that the United States
has with the following countries satisfy
requirement (2) under
Qualified foreign
corporation.
--------------------------------------------
Australia Indonesia Romania
Austria Ireland Russian
Bangladesh Israel Federation
Barbados Italy Slovak
Belgium Jamaica Republic
Bulgaria Japan Slovenia
Canada Kazakhstan South Africa
China Korea Spain
Cyprus Latvia Sri Lanka
Czech Lithuania Sweden
Republic Luxembourg Switzerland
Denmark Malta Thailand
Egypt Mexico Trinidad and
Estonia Morocco Tobago
Finland Netherlands Tunisia
France New Zealand Turkey
Germany Norway Ukraine
Greece Pakistan United
Hungary Philippines Kingdom
Iceland Poland Venezuela
India Portugal
--------------------------------------------
Dividends that are not qualified dividends.
The following dividends are not qualified dividends. They are not qualified dividends even if they are shown in box 1b of Form 1099-DIV.
• Capital gain distributions.
• Dividends paid on deposits with mutual savings banks, cooperative banks, credit unions, U.S. building and loan associations, U.S. savings and loan associations, federal savings and loan associations, and similar financial institutions. (Report these amounts as interest income.)
• Dividends from a corporation that is a tax-exempt organization or farmer's cooperative during the corporation's tax year in which the dividends were paid or during the corporation's previous tax year.
• Dividends paid by a corporation on employer securities held on the date of record by an employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) maintained by that corporation.
• Dividends on any share of stock to the extent you are obligated (whether under a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments for positions in substantially similar or related property.
• Payments in lieu of dividends, but only if you know or have reason to know the payments are not qualified dividends.
• Payments shown on Form 1099-DIV, box 1b, from a foreign corporation to the extent you know or have reason to know the payments are not qualified dividends.
Dividends Used To Buy More Stock
The corporation in which you own stock may have a dividend reinvestment plan. This plan lets you choose to use your dividends to buy (through an agent) more shares of stock in the corporation instead of receiving the dividends in cash. Most mutual funds also permit shareholders to automatically reinvest distributions in more shares in the fund, instead of receiving cash. If you use your dividends to buy more stock at a price equal to its fair market value, you still must report the dividends as income.
If you are a member of a dividend reinvestment plan that lets you buy more stock at a price less than its fair market value, you must report as dividend income the fair market value of the additional stock on the dividend payment date.
You also must report as dividend income any service charge subtracted from your cash dividends before the dividends are used to buy the additional stock. But you may be able to deduct the service charge. See Expenses of Producing Income in chapter 3.
In some dividend reinvestment plans, you can invest more cash to buy shares of stock at a price less than fair market value. If you choose to do this, you must report as dividend income the difference between the cash you invest and the fair market value of the stock you buy. When figuring this amount, use the fair market value of the stock on the dividend payment date.
Money Market Funds
Report amounts you receive from money market funds as dividend income. Money market funds are a type of mutual fund and should not be confused with bank money market accounts that pay interest.
Capital Gain Distributions
Capital gain distributions (also called capital gain dividends) are paid to you or credited to your account by mutual funds (or other regulated investment companies) and real estate investment trusts (REITs). They will be shown in box 2a of the Form 1099-DIV you receive from the mutual fund or REIT.
Report capital gain distributions as long-term capital gains, regardless of how long you owned your shares in the mutual fund or REIT. See Capital gain distributions under How To Report Dividend Income, later in this chapter.
Undistributed capital gains of mutual funds and REITs. Some mutual funds and REITs keep their long-term capital gains and pay tax on them. You must treat your share of these gains as distributions, even though you did not actually receive them. However, they are not included on Form 1099-DIV. Instead, they are reported to you in box 1a of Form 2439.
Form 2439 will also show how much, if any, of the undistributed capital gains is:
• Unrecaptured section 1250 gain (box 1b),
• Gain from qualified small business stock (section 1202 gain, box 1c), or
• Collectibles (28%) gain (box 1d).
For information about these terms, see
Capital Gain Tax Ratesin chapter 4.
The tax paid on these gains by the mutual fund or REIT is shown in box 2 of Form 2439.
Basis adjustment. Increase your basis in your mutual fund, or your interest in a REIT, by the difference between the gain you report and the credit you claim for the tax paid.
Nondividend Distributions
A nondividend distribution is a distribution that is not paid out of the earnings and profits of a corporation or a mutual fund. You should receive a Form 1099-DIV or other statement showing you the nondividend distribution. On Form 1099-DIV, a nondividend distribution will be shown in box 3. If you do not receive such a statement, you report the distribution as an ordinary dividend.
Basis adjustment. A nondividend distribution reduces the basis of your stock. It is not taxed until your basis in the stock is fully recovered. This nontaxable portion is also called a return of capital; it is a return of your investment in the stock of the company. If you buy stock in a corporation in different lots at different times, and you cannot definitely identify the shares subject to the nondividend distribution, reduce the basis of your earliest purchases first.
When the basis of your stock has been reduced to zero, report any additional nondividend distribution you receive as a capital gain. Whether you report it as a long-term or short-term capital gain depends on how long you have held the stock. See Holding Period in chapter 4.
Example 1. You bought stock in 2002 for $100. In 2005, you received a nondividend distribution of $80. You did not include this amount in your income, but you reduced the basis of your stock to $20. You received a nondividend distribution of $30 in 2015. The first $20 of this amount reduced your basis to zero. You report the other $10 as a long-term capital gain for 2015. You must report as a long-term capital gain any nondividend distribution you receive on this stock in later years.
Example 2. You bought shares in Daugh Mutual Fund in 2011 for $12 a share. In 2012, you received a nondividend distribution of $5 a share. You reduced your basis in each share by $5 to an adjusted basis of $7. In 2013, you received a nondividend distribution of $1 per share and further reduced your basis in each share to $6. In 2014, you received a nondividend distribution of $2 per share. Your basis was reduced to $4. In 2015, the nondividend distribution from the mutual fund was $5 a share. You reduce your basis in each share to zero and report $1 of gain. See the Instructions for Form 8949 for details and more information.
TIP: For more information on Form 8949 and Schedule D (Form 1040), see Reporting Capital Gains and Losses in chapter 4. Also, see the Instructions for Form 8949 and the Instructions for Schedule D (Form 1040).
Liquidating Distributions
Liquidating distributions, sometimes called liquidating dividends, are distributions you receive during a partial or complete liquidation of a corporation. These distributions are, at least in part, one form of a return of capital. They may be paid in one or more installments. You will receive Form 1099-DIV from the corporation showing you the amount of the liquidating distribution in box 8 or 9.
Any liquidating distribution you receive is not taxable to you until you have recovered the basis of your stock. After the basis of your stock has been reduced to zero, you must report the liquidating distribution as a capital gain. Whether you report the gain as a long-term or short-term capital gain depends on how long you have held the stock. See Holding Period in chapter 4.
Stock acquired at different times. If you acquired stock in the same corporation in more than one transaction, you own more than one block of stock in the corporation. If you receive distributions from the corporation in complete liquidation, you must divide the distribution among the blocks of stock you own in the following proportion: the number of shares in that block over the total number of shares you own. Divide distributions in partial liquidation among that part of the stock redeemed in the partial liquidation. After the basis of a block of stock is reduced to zero, you must report the part of any later distribution for that block as a capital gain.
Distributions less than basis. If the total liquidating distributions you receive are less than the basis of your stock, you may have a capital loss. You can report a capital loss only after you have received the final distribution in liquidation that results in the redemption or cancellation of the stock. Whether you report the loss as a long-term or short-term capital loss depends on how long you held the stock. See Holding Period in chapter 4.
Distributions of Stock and Stock Rights
Distributions by a corporation of its own stock are commonly known as stock dividends. Stock rights (also known as "stock options") are distributions by a corporation of rights to acquire the corporation's stock. Generally, stock dividends and stock rights are not taxable to you, and you do not report them on your return.
Taxable stock dividends and stock rights. Distributions of stock dividends and stock rights are taxable to you if any of the following apply.
1. You or any other shareholder have the choice to receive cash or other property instead of stock or stock rights.
2. The distribution gives cash or other property to some shareholders and an increase in the percentage interest in the corporation's assets or earnings and profits to other shareholders.
3. The distribution is in convertible preferred stock and has the same result as in (2).
4. The distribution gives preferred stock to some common stock shareholders and common stock to other common stock shareholders.
5. The distribution is on preferred stock. (The distribution, however, is not taxable if it is an increase in the conversion ratio of convertible preferred stock made solely to take into account a stock dividend, stock split, or similar event that would otherwise result in reducing the conversion right.)
The term "stock" includes rights to acquire stock, and the term "shareholder" includes a holder of rights or convertible securities.
If you receive taxable stock dividends or stock rights, include their fair market value at the time of distribution in your income.
Constructive distributions. You must treat certain transactions that increase your proportionate interest in the earnings and profits or assets of a corporation as if they were distributions of stock or stock rights. These constructive distributions are taxable if they have the same result as a distribution described in (2), (3), (4), or (5) of the above discussion.
This treatment applies to a change in your stock's conversion ratio or redemption price, a difference between your stock's redemption price and issue price, a redemption not treated as a sale or exchange of your stock, and any other transaction having a similar effect on your interest in the corporation.
Preferred stock redeemable at a premium. If you receive preferred stock having a redemption price higher than its issue price, the difference (the redemption premium) generally is taxable as a constructive distribution of additional stock on the preferred stock.
For stock issued before October 10, 1990, you include the redemption premium in your income ratably over the period during which the stock cannot be redeemed. For stock issued after October 9, 1990, you include the redemption premium on the basis of its economic accrual over the period during which the stock cannot be redeemed, as if it were original issue discount on a debt instrument. See Original Issue Discount (OID), earlier in this chapter.
The redemption premium is not a constructive distribution, and is not taxable as a result, in the following situations.
1. The stock was issued before October 10, 1990 (before December 20, 1995, if redeemable solely at the option of the issuer), and the redemption premium is "reasonable." (For stock issued before October 10, 1990, only the part of the redemption premium that is not "reasonable" is a constructive distribution.) The redemption premium is reasonable if it is not more than 10% of the issue price on stock not redeemable for 5 years from the issue date or is in the nature of a penalty for making a premature redemption.
2. The stock was issued after October 9, 1990 (after December 19, 1995, if redeemable solely at the option of the issuer), and the redemption premium is de minimis. The redemption premium is de minimis if it is less than one-fourth of 1% (.0025) of the redemption price multiplied by the number of full years from the date of issue to the date redeemable.
3. The stock was issued after October 9, 1990, and must be redeemed at a specified time or is redeemable at your option, but the redemption is unlikely because it is subject to a contingency outside your control (not including the possibility of default, insolvency, etc.).
4. The stock was issued after December 19, 1995, and is redeemable solely at the option of the issuer, but the redemption premium is in the nature of a penalty for premature redemption or redemption is not more likely than not to occur. The redemption will be treated under a "safe harbor" as not more likely than not to occur if all of the following are true.
a. You and the issuer are not related under the rules discussed in chapter 4 under
Losses on Sales or Trades of Property,substituting "20%" for "50%."
b. There are no plans, arrangements, or agreements that effectively require or are intended to compel the issuer to redeem the stock.
c. The redemption would not reduce the stock's yield.
Your basis in stock or stock rights received in a taxable distribution is their fair market value when distributed. If you receive stock or stock rights that are not taxable to you, see
Stocks and Bonds,later, for information on how to figure their basis.
Fractional shares. You may not own enough stock in a corporation to receive a full share of stock if the corporation declares a stock dividend. However, with the approval of the shareholders, the corporation may set up a plan in which fractional shares are not issued but instead are sold, and the cash proceeds are given to the shareholders. Any cash you receive for fractional shares under such a plan is treated as an amount realized on the sale of the fractional shares. Report this transaction on Form 8949. Enter your gain or loss, the difference between the cash you receive and the basis of the fractional shares sold, in column (h) of Schedule D (Form 1040) in Part I or Part II, whichever is appropriate.
CAUTION: Report these transactions on Form 8949 with the correct box checked.
For more information on Form 8949 and Schedule D (Form 1040), see Reporting Capital Gains and Losses in chapter 4. Also see the Instructions for Form 8949 and the Instructions for Schedule D (Form 1040).
Example. You own one share of common stock that you bought on January 3, 2006, for $100. The corporation declared a common stock dividend of 5% on June 30, 2015. The fair market value of the stock at the time the stock dividend was declared was $200. You were paid $10 for the fractional-share stock dividend under a plan described in the discussion above. You figure your gain or loss as follows:
Fair market value of old stock $200.00
Fair market value of stock dividend
(cash received) + 10.00
-------
Fair market value of old stock and
stock dividend $210.00
=======
Basis (cost) of old stock
after the stock dividend
(($200 ÷ $210) × $100) $95.24
Basis (cost) of stock dividend
(($10 ÷ $210) × $100) + 4.76
-------
Total $100.00
=======
Cash received $10.00
Basis (cost) of stock dividend - 4.76
-------
Gain
$5.24
=======
Because you had held the share of stock for more than 1 year at the time the stock dividend was declared, your gain on the stock dividend is a long-term capital gain.
Scrip dividends. A corporation that declares a stock dividend may issue you a scrip certificate that entitles you to a fractional share. The certificate is generally nontaxable when you receive it. If you choose to have the corporation sell the certificate for you and give you the proceeds, your gain or loss is the difference between the proceeds and the part of your basis in the corporation's stock allocated to the certificate.
However, if you receive a scrip certificate that you can choose to redeem for cash instead of stock, the certificate is taxable when you receive it. You must include its fair market value in income on the date you receive it.
Other Distributions
You may receive any of the following distributions during the year.
Exempt-interest dividends. Exempt-interest dividends you receive from a mutual fund or other regulated investment company, including those received from a qualified fund of funds in any tax year beginning after December 22, 2010, are not included in your taxable income. (However, see Information reporting requirement, next.) Exempt-interest dividends should be shown in box 10 of Form 1099-DIV.
Information reporting requirement. Although exempt-interest dividends are not taxable, you must show them on your tax return if you have to file a return. This is an information reporting requirement and does not change the exempt-interest dividends to taxable income. See Reporting tax-exempt interest, earlier.
Alternative minimum tax treatment. Exempt-interest dividends paid from specified private activity bonds may be subject to the alternative minimum tax. The exempt-interest dividends subject to the alternative minimum tax should be shown in box 11 of Form 1099-DIV. See Form 6251 and its instructions for more information.
Dividends on insurance policies. Insurance policy dividends the insurer keeps and uses to pay your premiums are not taxable. However, you must report as taxable interest income the interest that is paid or credited on dividends left with the insurance company.
If dividends on an insurance contract (other than a modified endowment contract) are distributed to you, they are a partial return of the premiums you paid. Do not include them in your gross income until they are more than the total of all net premiums you paid for the contract. (For information on the treatment of a distribution from a modified endowment contract, see Distribution Before Annuity Starting Date From a Nonqualified Plan under Taxation of Nonperiodic Payments in Pub. 575.) Report any taxable distributions on insurance policies on Form 1040, line 21.
Dividends on veterans' insurance. Dividends you receive on veterans' insurance policies are not taxable. In addition, interest on dividends left with the Department of Veterans Affairs is not taxable.
Patronage dividends. Generally, patronage dividends you receive in money from a cooperative organization are included in your income.
Do not include in your income patronage dividends you receive on:
• Property bought for your personal use, or
• Capital assets or depreciable property bought for use in your business. But you must reduce the basis (cost) of the items bought. If the dividend is more than the adjusted basis of the assets, you must report the excess as income.
These rules are the same whether the cooperative paying the dividend is a taxable or tax-exempt cooperative.
Alaska Permanent Fund dividends. Do not report these amounts as dividends. Instead, include these amounts on Form 1040, line 21; Form 1040EZ, line 3.
How To Report Dividend Income
Terms you may need to know (see Glossary):
• Nominee
• Restricted stock
Generally, you can use either Form 1040 or Form 1040A to report your dividend income. Report the total of your ordinary dividends on line 9a of Form 1040 or Form 1040A. Report qualified dividends on line 9b.
If you receive capital gain distributions, you may be able to use Form 1040A or you may have to use Form 1040. See Capital gain distributions, later. If you receive nondividend distributions required to be reported as capital gains, you must use Form 1040. You cannot use Form 1040EZ if you receive any dividend income other than Alaska Permanent Fund dividends.
Form 1099-DIV. If you owned stock on which you received $10 or more in dividends and other distributions, you should receive a Form 1099-DIV. Even if you do not receive a Form 1099-DIV, you must report all your dividend income.
See Form 1099-DIV and its instructions for more information on how to report dividend income.
Form 1040A or Form 1040. You must complete Schedule B (Form 1040A or 1040), Part II, and attach it to your 1040, if:
• Your ordinary dividends (Form 1099-DIV, box 1a) are more than $1,500, or
• You received, as a nominee, dividends that actually belong to someone else.
If your ordinary dividends are more than $1,500, you must also complete Schedule B (Form 1040A or 1040), Part III.
List on Schedule B (Form 1040A or 1040), Part II, line 5, each payer's name and the ordinary dividends you received. If your securities are held by a brokerage firm (in "street name"), list the name of the brokerage firm shown on Form 1099-DIV as the payer. If your stock is held by a nominee who is the owner of record, and the nominee credited or paid you dividends on the stock, show the name of the nominee and the dividends you received or for which you were credited.
Enter on line 6 the total of the amounts listed on line 5. (However, if you hold stock as a nominee, see Nominees, later.) Also enter this total on line 9a of 1040.
Dividends received on restricted stock. Restricted stock is stock you get from your employer for services you perform and that is nontransferable and subject to a substantial risk of forfeiture. You do not have to include the value of the stock in your income when you receive it. However, if you get dividends on restricted stock, you must include them in your income as wages, not dividends. See Restricted Property in Pub. 525 for information on restricted stock dividends.
Your employer should include these dividends in the wages shown on your Form W-2, Wage and Tax Statement. If you also get a Form 1099-DIV for these dividends, list them on Schedule B (Form 1040A or 1040), line 5, with the other dividends you received. Enter a subtotal of all your dividend income several lines above line 6. Below the subtotal, enter "Dividends on restricted stock reported as wages on Form 1040A), line 7," and enter the dividends included in your wages on line 7 of Form 1040 or Form 1040A. Subtract this amount from the subtotal and enter the result on line 6.
Election. You can choose to include the value of restricted stock in gross income as pay for services. If you make this choice, report the dividends on the stock like any other dividends. List them on Part II, line 5, of Schedule B (Form 1040A or 1040), along with your other dividends (if the amount of ordinary dividends received from all sources is more than $1,500). If you receive both a Form W-2 showing these dividends, do not include the dividends in your wages reported on line 7 of Form 1040A. Attach a statement to your Form 1040 or Form 1040A explaining why the amount shown on line 7 of your Form 1040 or Form 1040A is different from the amount shown on your Form W-2.
Independent contractor. If you received restricted stock for services as an independent contractor, the rules in the previous discussion apply. Generally, you must treat dividends you receive on the stock as income from self-employment.
Qualified dividends. Report qualified dividends (Form 1099-DIV, box 1b) on line 9b of Form 1040A. The amount in box 1b is already included in box 1a. Do not add the amount in box 1b to, or subtract it from, the amount in box 1a. Do not include any of the following on line 9b.
• Qualified dividends you received as a nominee. See
Nominees,later.
• Dividends on stock for which you did not meet the holding period. See Holding period, earlier, under Qualified Dividends.
• Dividends on any share of stock to the extent you are obligated (whether under a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments for positions in substantially similar or related property.
• Payments in lieu of dividends, but only if you know or have reason to know the payments are not qualified dividends.
• Payments shown on Form 1099-DIV, box 1b, from a foreign corporation to the extent you know or have reason to know the payments are not qualified dividends.
If you have qualified dividends, you must figure your tax by completing the Qualified Dividends and Capital Gain Tax Worksheet in the 1040A instructions or the Schedule D Tax Worksheet in the Schedule D (Form 1040) instructions, whichever applies. Enter qualified dividends on line 2 of the worksheet.
Investment interest deducted. If you claim a deduction for investment interest, you may have to reduce the amount of your qualified dividends that are eligible for the 0%, 15%, or 20% tax rate. Reduce it by the qualified dividends you choose to include in investment income when figuring the limit on your investment interest deduction. This is done on the Qualified Dividends and Capital Gain Tax Worksheet or the Schedule D Tax Worksheet. For more information about the limit on investment interest, see Interest Expenses in chapter 3.
Capital gain distributions. If you received capital gain distributions, you report them directly on Form 1040, line 13, or on Schedule D (Form 1040), line 13, depending on your situation. Distributions of net realized short-term capital gains are not treated as capital gains. Instead, they are included on Form 1099-DIV as ordinary dividends. Report them on your tax return as ordinary dividends.
Exceptions to filing Form 8949 and Schedule D (Form 1040). There are certain situations where you may not have to file Form 8949 and/or Schedule D (Form 1040).
Exception 1. You do not have to file Form 8949 or Schedule D (Form 1040) if you have no capital losses and your only capital gains are capital gain distributions from Form(s) 1099-DIV, box 2a. (If any Form(s) 1099-DIV you receive have an amount in box 2b (unrecaptured section 1250 gain), box 2c (section 1202 gain), or box 2d (collectibles (28%) gain), you do not qualify for this exception.) If you qualify for this exception, report your capital gain distributions directly on line 13 of Form 1040 (and check the box on line 13). Also use the Qualified Dividends and Capital Gain Tax Worksheet in the Form 1040 instructions to figure your tax. You can report your capital gain distributions on line 10 of Form 1040A, instead of on Form 1040, if you do not have to file Form 1040.
Exception 2. You must file Schedule D (Form 1040), but generally do not have to file Form 8949, if Exception 1 does not apply and your only capital gains and losses are:
• Capital gain distributions;
• A capital loss carryover;
• A gain from Form 6252, Installment Sale Income, or Part I of Form 4797, Sales of Business Property;
• A gain or loss from Form 4684, Casualties and Thefts, Form 6781, Gains and Losses From Section 1256 Contracts and Straddles, or Form 8824;
• A gain or loss from a partnership, S corporation, estate, or trust; or
• Gains and losses from transactions for which you received a Form 1099-B that shows basis was reported to the IRS and for which you do not need to make any adjustments in column (g) of Form 8949 or enter any codes in column (f) of Form 8949.
Undistributed capital gains.
To report undistributed capital gains, you must complete Schedule D (Form 1040) and attach it to your return. Report these gains on Schedule D (Form 1040), line 11, column (h), and attach Copy B of Form 2439 to your return. Report the tax paid by the mutual fund on these gains on Form 1040, line 73, and check box a on that line.
The mutual fund (or other regulated investment company) or real estate investment trust (REIT) making the distribution should tell you how much of it is:
• Unrecaptured section 1250 gain (Form 1099-DIV, box 2b), or
• Section 1202 gain (Form 1099-DIV, box 2c).
For information about these terms, see
Capital Gain Tax Ratesin chapter 4.
Enter on line 11 of the Unrecaptured Section 1250 Gain Worksheet in the Schedule D instructions the part reported to you as unrecaptured section 1250 gain. If you have a gain on qualified small business stock (section 1202 gain), follow the reporting instructions under Section 1202 Exclusion in chapter 4.
Nondividend distributions. Report nondividend distributions (box 3 of Form 1099-DIV) only after your basis in the stock has been reduced to zero. After the basis of your stock has been reduced to zero, you must show this excess amount in Form 8949, Part I, if you held the stock 1 year or less. Show it in Form 8949, Part II, if you held the stock for more than 1 year. Enter the name of the company in column (a) of Form 8949. Report the amount of the excess distribution in column (d) and your zero basis in column (e) of Form 8949.
CAUTION: Report these transactions on Form 8949 with the correct box checked.
For more information on Form 8949 and Schedule D (Form 1040), see Reporting Capital Gains and Losses in chapter 4. Also see the Instructions for Form 8949 and the Instructions for Schedule D (Form 1040).
Nominees. If you received ordinary dividends as a nominee (that is, the dividends are in your name but actually belong to someone else), include them on line 5 of Schedule B (Form 1040A or 1040). Several lines above line 6, put a subtotal of all dividend income listed on line 5. Below this subtotal, enter "Nominee Distribution" and show the amount received as a nominee. Subtract the total of your nominee distributions from the subtotal. Enter the result on line 6.
If you received a capital gain distribution or were allocated an undistributed capital gain as a nominee, report only the amount that belongs to you on Form 1040, line 13; or Schedule D (Form 1040), line 13, whichever is appropriate. Attach a statement to your return showing the full amount you received or were allocated and the amount you received or were allocated as a nominee.
File Form 1099-DIV with the IRS. If you received dividends as a nominee in 2015, you must file a Form 2439) for those dividends with the IRS. Send the Form 1099-DIV with a Form 1096 to your Internal Revenue Service Center by February 29, 2016 (March 31, 2016, if you file Form 1099-DIV electronically). Give the actual owner of the dividends Copy B of the Form 1099-DIV by February 1, 2016. On Form 1099-DIV, you should be listed as the "Payer." The other owner should be listed as the "Recipient." You do not, however, have to file a Form 1099-DIV to show payments for your spouse. For more information about the reporting requirements and the penalties for failure to file (or furnish) certain information returns, see the General Instructions for Certain Information Returns and the Instructions for Form 2439.
Liquidating distributions. If you receive a liquidating distribution on stock, the corporation will give you a Form 1099-DIV showing the liquidating distribution in boxes 8 and 9.
Stripped Preferred Stock
If the dividend rights are stripped from certain preferred stock, the holder of the stripped preferred stock may have to include amounts in income equal to the amounts that would have been included if the stock were a bond with OID.
Stripped preferred stock defined. Stripped preferred stock is any stock that meets both of the following tests.
1. There has been a separation in ownership between the stock and any dividend on the stock that has not become payable.
2. The stock:
a. Is limited and preferred as to dividends,
b. Does not participate in corporate growth to any significant extent, and
c. Has a fixed redemption price.
If you buy stripped preferred stock after April 30, 1993, you must include certain amounts in your gross income while you hold the stock. These amounts are ordinary income. They are equal to the amounts you would have included in gross income if the stock were a bond that:
1. Was issued on the purchase date of the stock, and
2. Has OID equal to:
a. The redemption price for the stock, minus
b. The price at which you bought the stock.
Report these amounts as other income on Form 1040, line 21. For information about OID, see
Original Issue Discount (OID),earlier.
This treatment also applies to you if you acquire the stock in such a way (for example, by gift) that your basis in the stock is determined by using a buyer's basis.
Treatment of person stripping stock. If you strip the rights to one or more dividends from stripped preferred stock, you are treated as having purchased the stock. You are treated as making the purchase on the date you disposed of the dividend rights. Your adjusted basis in the stripped preferred stock is treated as your purchase price. The rules described in Treatment of buyer, earlier, apply to you.
REMICs, FASITs, and Other CDOs
Holders of interests in real estate mortgage investment conduits (REMICs), financial asset securitization investment trusts (FASITs), and other collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) must follow special rules for reporting income and any expenses from these investment products.
REMICs
A REMIC is an entity formed for the purpose of holding a fixed pool of mortgages secured by interests in real property. A REMIC issues regular and residual interests to investors. For tax purposes, a REMIC is generally treated as a partnership with the residual interest holders treated as the partners. The regular interests are treated as debt instruments.
REMIC income or loss is not income or loss from a passive activity.
For more information about the qualifications and tax treatment that apply to a REMIC and the interests of investors in a REMIC, see sections 860A through 860G of the Internal Revenue Code, and the regulations under those sections.
Regular Interest
A REMIC can have several classes (also known as "tranches") of regular interests. A regular interest unconditionally entitles the holder to receive a specified principal amount (or other similar amount).
A REMIC regular interest is treated as a debt instrument for income tax purposes. Accordingly, the OID, market discount, and income reporting rules that apply to bonds and other debt instruments as described earlier in this publication under Discount on Debt Instruments apply, with certain modifications discussed below.
Generally, you report your income from a regular interest on line 8a of Form 1040A or 1040. For more information on how to report interest and OID, see How To Report Interest Income, earlier.
Holders must use accrual method. Holders of regular interests must use an accrual method of accounting to report OID and interest income. Because income under an accrual method is not determined by the receipt of cash, you may have to include OID or interest income in your taxable income even if you have not received any cash payments.
Forms 1099-INT and 1099-OID. You should receive a copy of Form 1099-OID from the REMIC. See the General Instructions for Certain Information Returns for information on when you should receive your copy of Form 1099-INT or Form 1099-OID and a written statement providing additional information. The statement should contain enough information to enable you to figure your accrual of market discount or amortizable bond premium.
Form 1099-INT shows interest income that accrued to you for the period you held the regular interest.
Form 1099-OID shows OID and interest, if any, that accrued to you for the period you held the regular interest. You will not need to make any adjustments to the amounts reported even if you held the regular interest for only a part of the calendar year. However, if you bought the regular interest at a premium or acquisition premium, see Refiguring OID shown on Form 1099-OID, earlier.
You may not get a Form 1099. Corporations and other persons specified in Regulations section http://www.irs.gov/formspubs/.
If you hold a regular interest or CDO through a nominee (rather than directly), you can request the information from the nominee.
Allocated investment expenses. Regular interest holders in a REMIC may be allowed to deduct the REMIC's investment expenses, but only if the REMIC is a single-class REMIC. A single-class REMIC is one that generally would be classified as a trust for tax purposes if it had not elected REMIC status.
The single-class REMIC will report your share of its investment expenses in box 5 of Form 1099-OID.
You may be able to take a deduction for these expenses subject to a 2% limit that also applies to certain other miscellaneous itemized deductions. See Expenses of Producing Income in chapter 3 for more information.
Redemption of regular interests at maturity. Redemption of debt instruments at their maturity is treated as a sale or exchange. You must report redemptions on your tax return whether or not you realize gain or loss on the transaction. Your basis is your adjusted issue price, which includes any OID you previously reported in income.
Any amount you receive on the retirement of a debt instrument is treated as if you had sold or exchanged that instrument. A debt instrument is retired when it is reacquired or redeemed by the issuer and canceled.
Sale or exchange of a regular interest. Some of your gain on the sale or exchange of a REMIC regular interest may be ordinary income. The ordinary income part, if any, is:
• The amount that would have been included in your income if the yield to maturity on the regular interest had been 110% of the applicable federal rate at the beginning of your holding period, minus
• The amount you included in your income.
Residual Interest
A residual interest is an interest in a REMIC that is not a regular interest. It is designated as a residual interest by the REMIC.
If you acquire a residual interest in a REMIC, you must take into account on a quarterly basis your daily portion of the taxable income or net loss of the REMIC for each day during the tax year you hold the residual interest. You must report these amounts as ordinary income or loss.
Basis in the residual interest. Your basis in the residual interest is increased by taxable income you take into account. Your basis is decreased (but not below zero) by the cash or the fair market value of any property distributed to you, and by any net loss you have taken into account. If you sell your residual interest, you must adjust your basis to reflect your share of the REMIC's taxable income or net loss immediately before the sale. See Wash Sales, in chapter 4, for more information about selling a residual interest.
Treatment of distributions. You must include in your gross income the part of any distribution that is more than your adjusted basis. Treat the distribution as a gain from the sale or exchange of your residual interest.
Schedule Q (Form 1066). If you hold a REMIC residual interest, you should receive Schedule Q (Form 1066), Quarterly Notice to Residual Interest Holder of REMIC Taxable Income or Net Loss Allocation, and instructions from the REMIC each quarter. Schedule Q (Form 1066) will indicate your share of the REMIC's quarterly taxable income (or loss). Do not attach Schedule Q (Form 1066) to your tax return. Keep it for your records.
Use Schedule E (Form 1040), Part IV, to report your total share of the REMIC's taxable income (or loss) for each quarter included in your tax year.
For more information about reporting your income (or loss) from a residual interest in a REMIC, follow the Schedule Q (Form 1066) and Schedule E (Form 1040) instructions.
Expenses. Subject to the 2%-of-adjusted-gross-income limit, you may be able to claim a miscellaneous itemized deduction for certain ordinary and necessary expenses you paid or incurred in connection with your investment in a REMIC. These expenses may include certain expense items incurred by the REMIC and passed through to you. The REMIC will report these expenses to you on Schedule Q (Form 1066), line 3b. See Expenses of Producing Income in chapter 3 for information on how to report these expenses.
Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDOs)
A collateralized debt obligation (CDO) is a debt instrument, other than a REMIC regular interest, that is secured by a pool of mortgages or other evidence of debt and that has principal payments subject to acceleration. (Note: While REMIC regular interests are collateralized debt obligations, they have unique rules that do not apply to CDOs issued before 1987.) CDOs, also known as "pay-through bonds," are commonly divided into different classes (also called "tranches").
CDOs can be secured by a pool of mortgages, automobile loans, equipment leases, or credit card receivables.
For more information about the qualifications and the tax treatment that apply to an issuer of a CDO, see section 1272(a)(6) of the Internal Revenue Code and the regulations under that section.
The OID, market discount, and income-reporting rules that apply to bonds and other debt instruments, as described earlier in this chapter under Discount on Debt Instruments, also apply to a CDO.
You must include interest income from your CDO in your gross income under your regular method of accounting. Also include any OID accrued on your CDO during the tax year.
Generally, you report your income from a CDO on line 8a of 1040. For more information about reporting these amounts on your return, see How To Report Interest Income, earlier.
Forms 1099-INT and 1099-OID. You should receive a copy of Form 1099-OID. See the General Instructions for Certain Information Returns for information on when you should receive your copy of Form 1099-INT or Form 1099-OID and a written statement providing additional information. The statement should contain enough information about the CDO to enable you to figure your accrual of market discount or amortizable bond premium.
Form 1099-INT shows the interest income paid to you for the period you held the CDO.
Form 1099-OID shows the OID accrued to you and the interest, if any, paid to you for the period you held the CDO. You should not need to make any adjustments to the amounts reported even if you held the CDO for only a part of the calendar year. However, if you bought the CDO at a premium or acquisition premium, see Refiguring OID shown on Form 1099-OID, earlier.
If you did not receive a Form 1099, see You may not get a Form 1099, earlier.
FASITs
A financial asset securitization investment trust (FASIT) is an entity that securitizes debt obligations such as credit card receivables, home equity loans, and automobile loans.
A regular interest in a FASIT is treated as a debt instrument. The rules described under Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDOs), earlier, apply to a regular interest in a FASIT, except that a holder of a regular interest in a FASIT must use an accrual method of accounting to report OID and interest income.
For more information about FASITs, see sections 860H through 860L of the Internal Revenue Code.
CAUTION: Beginning January 1, 2005, the special rules for FASITs are repealed. However, the special rules still apply to any FASIT in existence on October 22, 2004, to the extent that regular interests issued by the FASIT before that date continue to remain outstanding in accordance with the original terms of issuance.
S Corporations
In general, an S corporation does not pay a tax on its income. Instead, its income and expenses are passed through to the shareholders, who then report these items on their own income tax returns.
If you are an S corporation shareholder, your share of the corporation's current year income or loss and other tax items are taxed to you whether or not you receive any amount. Generally, those items increase or decrease the basis of your S corporation stock as appropriate. For more information on basis adjustments for S corporation stock, see Stocks and Bonds, later.
Generally, S corporation distributions, except dividend distributions, are considered a return of capital and reduce your basis in the stock of the corporation. The part of any distribution that is more than your basis is treated as a gain from the sale or exchange of property. The corporation's distributions may be in the form of cash or property.
S corporation distributions are not treated as dividends except in certain cases in which the corporation has accumulated earnings and profits from years before it became an S corporation.
Reporting S corporation income, deductions, and credits. The S corporation should send you a copy of Schedule K-1 (Form 1120S) showing your share of the S corporation's income, credits, and deductions for the tax year. You must report your distributive share of the S corporation's income, gain, loss, deductions, or credits on the appropriate lines and schedules of your Form 1040.
For more information about your treatment of S corporation tax items, see Shareholder's Instructions for Schedule K-1 (Form 1120S).
Limit on losses and deductions. The deduction for your share of losses and deductions shown on Schedule K-1 (Form 1120S) is limited to the adjusted basis of your stock and any debt the corporation owes you. Any loss or deduction not allowed because of this limit is carried over and treated as a loss or deduction in the next tax year.
Passive activity losses. Rules apply that limit losses from passive activities. Your copy of Schedule K-1 (Form 1120S) and its instructions will explain the limits and tell you where on your return to report your share of S corporation items from passive activities.
Form 8582. If you have a passive activity loss from an S corporation, you must complete Form 8582 to figure the allowable loss to enter on your return. See Pub. 925 for more information.
Investment Clubs
An investment club is formed when a group of friends, neighbors, business associates, or others pool their money to invest in stock or other securities. The club may or may not have a written agreement, a charter, or bylaws.
Usually the group operates informally with members pledging to pay a regular amount into the club monthly. Some clubs have a committee that gathers information on securities, selects the most promising securities, and recommends that the club invest in them. Other clubs rotate these responsibilities among all their members. Most clubs require all members to vote for or against all investments, sales, trades, and other transactions.
Identifying number. Each club must have an employer identification number (EIN) to use when filing its return. The club's EIN also may have to be given to the payer of dividends or other income from investments recorded in the club's name. To obtain an EIN, apply online at http://www.irs.gov/Businesses/Small-Businesses-&-Self-Employed/Apply-for-an-Employer-Identification-Number-(EIN)-Online or file Form SS-4, Application for Employer Identification Number. See chapter 5, How To Get Tax Help, for more information about how to get this form.
Investments in name of member. When an investment is recorded in the name of one club member, this member must give his or her SSN to the payer of investment income. (When an investment is held in the names of two or more club members, the SSN of only one member must be given to the payer.) This member is considered the record owner for the actual owner, the investment club. This member is a "nominee" and must file an information return with the IRS. For example, the nominee member must file Form 1099-DIV for dividend income, showing the club as the owner of the dividend, his or her SSN, and the EIN of the club.
Tax Treatment of the Club
Generally, an investment club is treated as a partnership for federal tax purposes unless it chooses otherwise. In some situations, however, it is taxed as a corporation or a trust.
Clubs formed before 1997. Before 1997, the rules for determining how an investment club is treated were different from those explained in the following discussions. An investment club that existed before 1997 is treated for later years the same way it was treated before 1997, unless it chooses to be treated a different way under the new rules. To make that choice, the club must file Form 8832, Entity Classification Election.
Club as a Partnership
If your club is not taxed as a corporation or a trust, it will be treated as a partnership.
Filing requirement. If your investment club is treated as a partnership, it must file Form 1065, U.S. Return of Partnership Income. However, as a partner in the club, you must report on your individual return your share of the club's income, gains, losses, deductions, and credits for the club's tax year. (Its tax year generally must be the same tax year as that of the partners owning a majority interest.) You must report these items whether or not you actually receive any distribution from the partnership.
Schedule K-1 (Form 1065). You should receive a copy of Schedule K-1 (Form 1065) from the partnership. The amounts shown on Schedule K-1 (Form 1065) are your share of the partnership's income, deductions, and credits. Report each amount on the appropriate lines and schedules of your income tax return.
The club's expenses for producing or collecting income, for managing investment property, or for determining any tax are listed separately on Schedule K-1 (Form 1065). Each individual partner who itemizes deductions on Schedule A (Form 1040) can deduct his or her share of those expenses. The expenses are listed on Schedule A (Form 1040), line 23, along with other miscellaneous deductions subject to the 2% limit. See Expenses of Producing Income in chapter 3 for more information on the 2% limit.
For more information about reporting your income from a partnership, see the Pub. 541, Partnerships.
Passive activity losses. Rules apply that limit losses from passive activities. Your copy of Schedule K-1 (Form 1065) and its instructions will tell you where on your return to report your share of partnership items from passive activities. If you have a passive activity loss from a partnership, you must complete Form 8582 to figure the amount of the allowable loss to enter on your tax return.
No social security coverage for investment club earnings. If an investment club partnership's activities are limited to investing in savings certificates, stock, or securities, and collecting interest or dividends for its members' accounts, a member's share of income is not earnings from self-employment. You cannot voluntarily pay the self-employment tax to increase your social security coverage and ultimate benefits.
Club as a Corporation
An investment club formed after 1996 is taxed as a corporation if:
• It is formed under a federal or state law that refers to it as incorporated or as a corporation, body corporate, or body politic,
• It is formed under a state law that refers to it as a joint-stock company or joint-stock association, or
• It chooses to be taxed as a corporation.
Choosing to be taxed as a corporation.
To choose to be taxed as a corporation, the club cannot be a trust (see
Club as a Trust,later) or otherwise subject to special treatment under the tax law. The club must file Form 8832 to make the choice.
Filing requirement. If your club is taxed as a corporation, it must file Form 1120, U.S. Corporation Income Tax Return. In that case, you do not report any of its income or expenses on your individual return. All ordinary income and expenses and capital gains and losses must be reported on the Form 1120. Any distribution the club makes that qualifies as a dividend must be reported on Form 1099-DIV if total distributions to the shareholder are $10 or more for the year.
You must report any distributions you receive from the club on your individual return. You should receive a copy of Form 1099-DIV from the club showing the distributions you received.
Some corporations can choose not to be taxed and have earnings taxed to the shareholders. See S Corporations, earlier.
For more information about corporations, see Pub. 542, Corporations.
Club as a Trust
In a few cases, an investment club is taxed as a trust. In general, a trust is an arrangement through which trustees take title to property for the purpose of protecting or conserving it for the beneficiaries under the ordinary rules applied in chancery or probate courts. An arrangement is treated as a trust for tax purposes if its purpose is to vest in trustees responsibility for protecting and conserving property for beneficiaries who cannot share in that responsibility and so are not associates in a joint enterprise for the conduct of business for profit. If you need more information about trusts, see Regulations section 2. Tax Shelters and Other Reportable Transactions
Introduction
Investments that yield tax benefits are sometimes called "tax shelters." In some cases, Congress has concluded that the loss of revenue is an acceptable side effect of special tax provisions designed to encourage taxpayers to make certain types of investments. In many cases, however, losses from tax shelters produce little or no benefit to society, or the tax benefits are exaggerated beyond those intended. Those cases are called "abusive tax shelters." An investment that is considered a tax shelter is subject to restrictions, including the requirement that it be disclosed, as discussed later.
Topics
This chapter discusses:
•
Abusive Tax Shelters,• Rules To Curb Abusive Tax Shelters,
• Investor Reporting,
• Penalties, and
• Whether To Invest.
Useful Items
You may want to see:
Publication
•
Publication 538Accounting Periods and Methods
• Publication 556 Examination of Returns, Appeal Rights, and Claims for Refund
• Publication 561 Determining the Value of Donated Property
• Publication 925 Passive Activity and At-Risk Rules
Form (and Instructions)
•
Form 8275Disclosure Statement
• Form 8275-R Regulation Disclosure Statement
• Form 8283 Noncash Charitable Contributions
• Form 8886 Reportable Transaction Disclosure Statement
See chapter 5,
How To Get Tax Help,for information about getting these publications and forms.
Abusive Tax Shelters
Abusive tax shelters are marketing schemes involving artificial transactions with little or no economic reality. They often make use of unrealistic allocations, inflated appraisals, losses in connection with nonrecourse loans, mismatching of income and deductions, financing techniques that do not conform to standard commercial business practices, or mischaracterization of the substance of the transaction. Despite appearances to the contrary, the taxpayer generally risks little.
Abusive tax shelters commonly involve package deals designed from the start to generate losses, deductions, or credits that will be far more than present or future investment. Or, they may promise investors from the start that future inflated appraisals will enable them, for example, to reap charitable contribution deductions based on those appraisals. (But see the appraisal requirements discussed under Rules To Curb Abusive Tax Shelters, later.) They are commonly marketed in terms of the ratio of tax deductions allegedly available to each dollar invested. This ratio (or "write-off") is frequently said to be several times greater than one-to-one.
Because there are many abusive tax shelters, it is not possible to list all the factors you should consider in determining whether an offering is an abusive tax shelter. However, you should ask the following questions, which might provide a clue to the abusive nature of the plan.
• Do the tax benefits far outweigh the economic benefits?
• Is this a transaction you would seriously consider, apart from the tax benefits, if you hoped to make a profit?
• Do shelter assets really exist and, if so, are they insured for less than their purchase price?
• Is there a nontax justification for the way profits and losses are allocated to partners?
• Do the facts and supporting documents make economic sense? In that connection, are there sales and resales of the tax shelter property at ever increasing prices?
• Does the investment plan involve a gimmick, device, or sham to hide the economic reality of the transaction?
• Does the promoter offer to backdate documents after the close of the year? Are you instructed to backdate checks covering your investment?
• Is your debt a real debt or are you assured by the promoter that you will never have to pay it?
• Does this transaction involve laundering United States source income through foreign corporations incorporated in a tax haven and owned by United States shareholders?
Rules To Curb Abusive Tax Shelters
Congress has enacted a series of income tax laws designed to halt the growth of abusive tax shelters. These provisions include the following.
Disclosure of reportable transactions. You must disclose information for each reportable transaction in which you participate. See Reportable Transaction Disclosure Statement, later.
Material advisors with respect to any reportable transaction must disclose information about the transaction on Form 8918, Material Advisor Disclosure Statement. To determine whether you are a material advisor to a transaction, see the Instructions for Form 8918.
Material advisors will receive a reportable transaction number for the disclosed reportable transaction. They must provide this number to all persons to whom they acted as a material advisor. They must provide the number at the time the transaction is entered into. If they do not have the number at that time, they must provide it within 60 days from the date the number is mailed to them. For information on penalties for failure to disclose and failure to maintain lists, see Internal Revenue Code sections 6707, 6707A, and 6708.
Requirement to maintain list. Material advisors must maintain a list of persons to whom they provide material aid, assistance, or advice on any reportable transaction. The list must be available for inspection by the IRS, and the information required to be included on the list generally must be kept for 7 years. See Regulations section Pub. 561.
Passive activity loss and credit limits. The passive activity loss and credit rules limit the amount of losses and credits that can be claimed from passive activities and limit the amount that can offset nonpassive income, such as certain portfolio income from investments. For more detailed information about determining and reporting income, losses, and credits from passive activities, see Pub. 925.
Interest on penalties. If you are assessed an accuracy-related or civil fraud penalty (as discussed under Penalties, later), interest will be imposed on the amount of the penalty from the due date of the return (including any extensions) to the date you pay the penalty.
Accounting method restriction. Tax shelters generally cannot use the cash method of accounting.
Uniform capitalization rules. The uniform capitalization rules generally apply to producing property or acquiring it for resale. Under those rules, the direct cost and part of the indirect cost of the property must be capitalized or included in inventory. For more information, see Pub. 538.
Denial of deduction for interest on an underpayment due to a reportable transaction. You cannot deduct any interest you paid or accrued on any part of an underpayment of tax due to an understatement arising from a reportable transaction (discussed later) if the relevant facts affecting the tax treatment of the item are not adequately disclosed. This rule applies to reportable transactions entered into in tax years beginning after October 22, 2004.
Authority for Disallowance of Tax Benefits
The IRS has published guidance concluding that the claimed tax benefits of various abusive tax shelters should be disallowed. The guidance is the conclusion of the IRS on how the law is applied to a particular set of facts. Guidance is published in the Internal Revenue Bulletin for taxpayers' information and also for use by IRS officials. So, if your return is examined and an abusive tax shelter is identified and challenged, published guidance dealing with that type of shelter, which disallows certain claimed tax shelter benefits, could serve as the basis for the examining official's challenge of the tax benefits you claimed. In such a case, the examiner will not compromise even if you or your representative believes you have authority for the positions taken on your tax return.
CAUTION: The courts have generally been unsympathetic to taxpayers involved in abusive tax shelter schemes and have ruled in favor of the IRS in the majority of the cases in which these shelters have been challenged.
Investor Reporting
You may be required to file a reportable transaction disclosure statement.
Reportable Transaction Disclosure Statement
Use Form 8886 to disclose information for each reportable transaction (discussed later) in which you participated. Generally, you must attach Form 8886 to your return for each tax year in which you participated in the transaction. Under certain circumstances, a transaction must be disclosed within 90 days of the transaction being identified as a listed transaction or a transaction of interest (discussed later). In addition, for the first year Form 8886 is attached to your return, you must send a copy of the form to:
Internal Revenue Service OTSA Mail Stop 4915 1973 North Rulon White Blvd. Ogden, UT 84201
If you file your return electronically, the copy sent to OTSA must show exactly the same information, word for word, provided with the electronically filed return and it must be provided on the official IRS Form 8886 or an exact copy of the form. If you use a computer-generated or substitute Form 8886, it must be an exact copy of the official IRS form.
If you fail to file Form 8886 as required or fail to include any required information on the form, you may have to pay a penalty. See Penalty for failure to disclose a reportable transaction, later.
The following discussion briefly describes reportable transactions. For more details, see the Instructions for Form 8886.
Reportable transaction. A reportable transaction is any of the following.
• A listed transaction.
• A confidential transaction.
• A transaction with contractual protection.
• A loss transaction.
• A transaction of interest entered into after November 1, 2006.
Note.
Transactions with a brief asset holding period were removed from the definition of reportable transaction for transactions entered into after August 2, 2007.
Listed transaction. A listed transaction is the same as, or substantially similar to, one of the types of transactions the IRS has determined to be a tax-avoidance transaction. These transactions have been identified in notices, regulations, and other published guidance issued by the IRS. For a list of existing guidance, see Notice 2009-59 in Internal Revenue Bulletin 2009-31, available at http://www.irs.gov/irb/2009-31_IRB/ar07.html.
Confidential transaction. A confidential transaction is offered to you under conditions of confidentiality and for which you have paid an advisor a minimum fee. A transaction is offered under conditions of confidentiality if the advisor who is paid the fee places a limit on your disclosure of the tax treatment or tax structure of the transaction and the limit protects the confidentiality of the advisor's tax strategies. The transaction is treated as confidential even if the conditions of confidentiality are not legally binding on you.
Transaction with contractual protection. Generally, a transaction with contractual protection is one in which you or a related party has the right to a full or partial refund of fees if all or part of the intended tax consequences of the transaction are not sustained, or a transaction for which the fees are contingent on your realizing the tax benefits from the transaction. For information on exceptions, see Revenue Procedure 2007-20 in Internal Revenue Bulletin 2007-7, available at http://www.irs.gov/irb/2007-07_IRB/ar15.html.
Loss transaction. For individuals, a loss transaction is one that results in a deductible loss if the gross amount of the loss is at least $2 million in a single tax year or $4 million in any combination of tax years. A loss from a foreign currency transaction under Internal Revenue Code section 988 is a loss transaction if the gross amount of the loss is at least $50,000 in a single tax year, whether or not the loss flows through from an S corporation or partnership.
Certain losses (such as losses from casualties, thefts, and condemnations) are excepted from this category and do not have to be reported on Form 8886. For information on other exceptions, see Revenue Procedure 2004-66 in Internal Revenue Bulletin 2004-50, as modified and superseded by Revenue Procedure 2013-11, (or future published guidance), available at http://www.irs.gov/irb/2004-50_IRB/ar11.html.
Transaction of interest. A transaction of interest is a transaction entered into after November 1, 2006, that is the same as, or substantially similar to, one of the types of transactions that the IRS has identified by notice, regulation, or other form of published guidance as a transaction of interest. The IRS has identified the following transactions of interest.
• "Toggling" grantor trusts as described in
Notice 2007-73, 2007-36 I.R.B. 545, available at
http://www.irs.gov/irb/2007-36_IRB/ar20.html.• Certain transactions involving contributions of a successor member interest in a limited liability company as described in Notice 2007-72, 2007-36 I.R.B. 544, available at http://www.irs.gov/irb/2007-36_IRB/ar19.html.
• Certain transactions involving the sale or other disposition of all interests in a charitable remainder trust and claiming little or no taxable gain as described in Notice 2008-99, 2008-47 I.R.B. 1194, available at http://www.irs.gov/irb/2008-47_IRB/ar11.html.
• Certain transactions involving a U.S. taxpayer owning controlled foreign corporations (CFCs) that hold stock of a lower-tier CFC through a domestic partnership to avoid reporting income as described in Notice 2009-7, 2009-3 I.R.B. 312, available at http://www.irs.gov/irb/2009-03_IRB/ar10.html.
For updates to this list, go to
http://www.irs.gov/Businesses/Corporations/Abusive-Tax-Shelters-and-Transactions.Penalties
Investing in an abusive tax shelter may lead to substantial expenses. First, the promoter generally charges a substantial fee. If your return is examined by the IRS and a tax deficiency is determined, you will be faced with payment of more tax, interest on the underpayment, possibly a 20%, 30%, or even 40% accuracy-related penalty, or a 75% civil fraud penalty. You may also be subject to the penalty for failure to pay tax. These penalties are explained in the following paragraphs.
Accuracy-related penalties. An accuracy-related penalty of 20% can be imposed for underpayments of tax due to:
• Negligence or disregard of rules or regulations,
• Substantial understatement of tax,
• Substantial valuation misstatement (increased to 40% for gross valuation misstatement),
• Transaction lacking economic substance (increased to 40% for undisclosed transaction lacking economic substance), or
• Undisclosed foreign financial asset understatement (40% in all cases).
Except for a transaction lacking economic substance, this penalty will not be imposed if you can show you had reasonable cause for any understatement of tax and that you acted in good faith. Your failure to disclose a reportable transaction is a strong indication that you failed to act in good faith.
If you are charged an accuracy-related penalty, interest will be imposed on the amount of the penalty from the due date of the return (including extensions) to the date you pay the penalty.
The 20% penalties do not apply to any underpayment attributable to a reportable transaction understatement subject to an accuracy-related penalty (discussed later).
Negligence or disregard of rules or regulations. The penalty for negligence or disregard of rules or regulations is imposed only on the part of the underpayment due to negligence or disregard of rules or regulations. The penalty will not be charged if you can show you had reasonable cause for understating your tax and that you acted in good faith.
Negligence includes any failure to make a reasonable attempt to comply with the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. It also includes any failure to keep adequate books and records. A return position that has a reasonable basis is not negligence.
Disregard includes any careless, reckless, or intentional disregard of rules or regulations.
The penalty for disregard of rules and regulations can be avoided if all the following are true.
• You keep adequate books and records.
• You have a reasonable basis for your position on the tax issue.
• You make an adequate disclosure of your position.
Use Form 8275 to make your disclosure and attach it to your return. To disclose a position contrary to a regulation, use Form 8275-R. Use Form 8886 to disclose a reportable transaction (discussed earlier).
Substantial understatement of tax. An understatement is considered to be substantial if it is more than the greater of:
• 10% of the tax required to be shown on the return, or
• $5,000.
An "understatement" is the amount of tax required to be shown on your return for a tax year minus the amount of tax shown on the return, reduced by any rebates. The term "rebate" generally means a decrease in the tax shown on your original return as the result of your filing an amended return or claim for refund.
For items other than tax shelters, you can file Form 8275 or Form 8275-R to disclose items that could cause a substantial understatement of income tax. In that way, you can avoid the substantial understatement penalty if you have a reasonable basis for your position on the tax issue. Disclosure of the tax shelter item on a tax return does not reduce the amount of the understatement.
Also, the understatement penalty will not be imposed if you can show there was reasonable cause for the underpayment caused by the understatement and that you acted in good faith. An important factor in establishing reasonable cause and good faith will be the extent of your effort to determine your proper tax liability under the law.
Substantial valuation misstatement. In general, you are liable for a 20% penalty for a substantial valuation misstatement if all the following are true.
• The value or adjusted basis of any property claimed on the return is 150% or more of the correct amount.
• You underpaid your tax by more than $5,000 because of the misstatement.
• You cannot establish that you had reasonable cause for the underpayment and that you acted in good faith.
You may be assessed a penalty of 40% for a gross valuation misstatement. If you misstate the value or the adjusted basis of property by 200% or more of the amount determined to be correct, you will be assessed a penalty of 40%, instead of 20%, of the amount you underpaid because of the gross valuation misstatement. The penalty rate is also 40% if the property's correct value or adjusted basis is zero.
Transaction lacking economic substance. The economic substance doctrine only applies to an individual that entered into a transaction in connection with a trade or business or an activity engaged in for the production of income. For transactions entered into after March 30, 2010, a transaction has economic substance for you as an individual taxpayer only if:
• The transaction changes your economic position in a meaningful way (apart from federal income tax effects), or
• You have a substantial purpose (apart from federal income tax effects) for entering into the transaction.
For purposes of determining whether economic substance exists, a transaction's profit potential will only be taken into account if the present value of the reasonably expected pre-tax profit from the transaction is substantial compared to the present value of the expected net tax benefits that would be allowed if the transaction were respected.
If any part of your underpayment is due to any disallowance of claimed tax benefits by reason of a transaction lacking economic substance or failing to meet the requirements of any similar rule of law, that part of your underpayment will be subject to the 20% accuracy-related penalty even if you had a reasonable cause and acted in good faith concerning that part.
Additionally, the penalty increases to 40% if you do not adequately disclose on your return or in a statement attached to your return the relevant facts affecting the tax treatment of a transaction that lacks economic substance. Relevant facts include any facts affecting the tax treatment of the transaction.
CAUTION: Any excessive amount of an erroneous claim for an income tax refund or credit (other than a refund or credit related to the earned income credit) that results from a transaction found to be lacking economic substance will not be treated as having a reasonable basis and could be subject to a 20% penalty.
Undisclosed foreign financial asset understatement. For tax years beginning after March 18, 2010, you may be liable for a 40% penalty for an understatement of your tax liability due to an undisclosed foreign financial asset. An undisclosed foreign financial asset is any asset for which an information return, required to be provided under Internal Revenue Code section 6038, 6038B, 6038D, 6046A, or 6048 for any taxable year, is not provided. The penalty applies to any part of an underpayment related to the following undisclosed foreign financial assets.
• Any foreign business you control, reportable on Form 5471, Information Return of U.S. Persons With Respect To Certain Foreign Corporations, or Form 8865, Return of U.S. Persons With Respect to Certain Foreign Partnerships.
• Certain transfers of property to a foreign corporation or partnership, reportable on Form 926, Return by a U.S. Transferor of Property to a Foreign Corporation, or certain distributions to a foreign person, reportable on Form 8865.
• Your ownership interest in an otherwise undisclosed foreign financial asset, reportable on Form 8275 or 8275-R. See Instructions for Form 8275 or Form 8275-R.
CAUTION: Instead of, or in addition to, Form 8275 or 8275-R, you may have to file Form 8938, Statement of Specified Foreign Financial Assets, with your tax return. See the Instructions for Form 8938 for details.
• Your acquisition, disposition, or substantial change in ownership interest in a foreign partnership, reportable on Form 8865.
• Creation or transfer of money or property to certain foreign trusts, reportable on Form 3520, Annual Return To Report Transactions With Foreign Trusts and Receipt of Certain Foreign Gifts.
Penalty for incorrect appraisals.
The person who prepares an appraisal of the value of property may have to pay a penalty if:
• He or she knows, or reasonably should have known, that the appraisal would be used in connection with a return or claim for refund; and
• The claimed value of the property on a return or claim for refund based on that appraisal results in a substantial valuation misstatement or a gross valuation misstatement as discussed earlier.
For details on the penalty amount and exceptions, see
Pub. 561.
Penalty for failure to disclose a reportable transaction. If you fail to include any required information regarding a reportable transaction (discussed earlier) on a return or statement, you may have to pay a penalty of 75% of the decrease in tax shown on your return as a result of such transaction (or that would have resulted if the transaction were respected for federal tax purposes). For an individual, the minimum penalty is $5,000 and the maximum is $10,000 (or $100,000 for a listed transaction). This penalty is in addition to any other penalty that may be imposed.
The IRS may rescind or abate the penalty for failing to disclose a reportable transaction under certain limited circumstances but cannot rescind the penalty for failing to disclose a listed transaction. For information on rescission, see Revenue Procedure 2007-21 in Internal Revenue Bulletin 2007-9 available at http://www.irs.gov/irb/2007-09_IRB/ar12.html.
Accuracy-related penalty for a reportable transaction understatement. If you have a reportable transaction understatement, you may have to pay a penalty equal to 20% of the amount of that understatement. This applies to any item due to a listed transaction or other reportable transaction with a significant purpose of avoiding or evading federal income tax. The penalty is 30% rather than 20% for the part of any reportable transaction understatement if the transaction was not properly disclosed. You may not have to pay the 20% penalty if you meet the strengthened reasonable cause and good faith exception. The reasonable cause and good faith exception does not apply to any part of a reportable transaction understatement attributable to one or more transactions that lack economic substance.
This penalty does not apply to the part of an understatement on which the fraud penalty, gross valuation misstatement penalty, or penalty for nondisclosure of noneconomic substance transactions is imposed.
Civil fraud penalty. If any underpayment of tax on your return is due to fraud, a penalty of 75% of the underpayment will be added to your tax.
Joint return. The fraud penalty on a joint return applies to a spouse only if some part of the underpayment is due to the fraud of that spouse.
Failure to pay tax. If a deficiency is assessed and is not paid within 10 days of the demand for payment, an investor can be penalized with up to a 25% addition to tax if the failure to pay continues.
Whether To Invest
In light of the adverse tax consequences and the substantial amount of penalties and interest that will result if the claimed tax benefits are disallowed, you should consider tax shelter investments carefully and seek competent legal and financial advice.
Terms you may need to know (see Glossary):
• At-risk rules
• Passive activity
• Portfolio income
Topics
This chapter discusses:
•
Limits on Deductions,• Interest Expenses,
• Bond Premium Amortization,
• Expenses of Producing Income,
• Nondeductible Expenses,
• How To Report Investment Expenses, and
• When To Report Investment Expenses.
Useful Items
You may want to see:
Publication
•
Publication 535Business Expenses
• Publication 925 Passive Activity and At-Risk Rules
• Publication 929 Tax Rules for Children and Dependents
Form (and Instructions)
•
Schedule A (Form 1040)Itemized Deductions
• Form 4952 Investment Interest Expense Deduction
See chapter 5,
How To Get Tax Help,for information about getting these publications and forms.
Limits on Deductions
Your deductions for investment expenses may be limited by:
• The at-risk rules,
• The passive activity loss limits,
• The limit on investment interest, or
• The 2% limit on certain miscellaneous itemized deductions.
The at-risk rules and passive activity rules are explained briefly in this section. The limit on investment interest is explained later in this chapter under
Interest Expenses.The 2% limit is explained later in this chapter under
Expenses of Producing Income.At-risk rules. Special at-risk rules apply to most income-producing activities. These rules limit the amount of loss you can deduct to the amount you risk losing in the activity. Generally, this is the cash and the adjusted basis of property you contribute to the activity. It also includes money you borrow for use in the activity if you are personally liable for repayment or if you use property not used in the activity as security for the loan. For more information, see Pub. 925.
Passive activity losses and credits. The amount of losses and tax credits you can claim from passive activities is limited. Generally, you are allowed to deduct passive activity losses only up to the amount of your passive activity income. Also, you can use credits from passive activities only against tax on the income from passive activities. There are exceptions for certain activities, such as rental real estate activities.
Passive activity. A passive activity generally is any activity involving the conduct of any trade or business in which you do not materially participate and any rental activity. However, if you are involved in renting real estate, the activity is not a passive activity if both of the following are true.
• More than one-half of the personal services you perform during the year in all trades or businesses are performed in real property trades or businesses in which you materially participate.
• You perform more than 750 hours of services during the year in real property trades or businesses in which you materially participate.
The term "trade or business" generally means any activity that involves the conduct of a trade or business, is conducted in anticipation of starting a trade or business, or involves certain research or experimental expenditures. However, it does not include rental activities or certain activities treated as incidental to holding property for investment.
You are considered to materially participate in an activity if you are involved on a regular, continuous, and substantial basis in the operations of the activity.
Other income (nonpassive income). Generally, you can use losses from passive activities only to offset income from passive activities. You cannot use passive activity losses to offset your other income, such as your wages or your portfolio income. Portfolio income includes gross income from interest, dividends, annuities, or royalties that is not derived in the ordinary course of a trade or business. It also includes gains or losses (not derived in the ordinary course of a trade or business) from the sale or trade of property (other than an interest in a passive activity) producing portfolio income or held for investment. This includes capital gain distributions from mutual funds (and other regulated investment companies) and real estate investment trusts.
You cannot use passive activity losses to offset Alaska Permanent Fund dividends.
Expenses. Do not include in the computation of your passive activity income or loss:
• Expenses (other than interest) that are clearly and directly allocable to your portfolio income, or
• Interest expense properly allocable to portfolio income.
However, this interest and other expenses may be subject to other limits. These limits are explained in the rest of this chapter.
Additional information. For more information about determining and reporting income and losses from passive activities, see Pub. 925.
Interest Expenses
This section discusses interest expenses you may be able to deduct as an investor.
For information on business interest, see chapter 4 of Pub. 535.
You cannot deduct personal interest expenses other than qualified home mortgage interest, as explained in Pub. 936, Home Mortgage Interest Deduction, and interest on certain student loans, as explained in Pub. 970.
Investment Interest
If you borrow money to buy property you hold for investment, the interest you pay is investment interest. You can deduct investment interest subject to the limit discussed later. However, you cannot deduct interest you incurred to produce tax-exempt income. See Tax-exempt income, later. You also cannot deduct interest expenses on straddles discussed under Interest expense and carrying charges on straddles, later.
Investment interest does not include any qualified home mortgage interest or any interest taken into account in computing income or loss from a passive activity.
Investment property. Property held for investment includes property that produces interest, dividends, annuities, or royalties not derived in the ordinary course of a trade or business. It also includes property that produces gain or loss (not derived in the ordinary course of a trade or business) from the sale or trade of property producing these types of income or held for investment (other than an interest in a passive activity). Investment property also includes an interest in a trade or business activity in which you did not materially participate (other than a passive activity).
Partners, shareholders, and beneficiaries. To determine your investment interest, combine your share of investment interest from a partnership, S corporation, estate, or trust with your other investment interest.
Allocation of Interest Expense
If you borrow money for business or personal purposes as well as for investment, you must allocate the debt among those purposes. Only the interest expense on the part of the debt used for investment purposes is treated as investment interest. The allocation is not affected by the use of property that secures the debt.
Example 1. You borrow $10,000 and use $8,000 to buy stock. You use the other $2,000 to buy items for your home. Since 80% of the debt is used for, and allocated to, investment purposes, 80% of the interest on that debt is investment interest. The other 20% is nondeductible personal interest.
Debt proceeds received in cash. If you receive debt proceeds in cash, the proceeds are generally not treated as investment property.
Debt proceeds deposited in account. If you deposit debt proceeds in an account, that deposit is treated as investment property, regardless of whether the account bears interest. But, if you withdraw the funds and use them for another purpose, you must reallocate the debt to determine the amount considered to be for investment purposes.
Example 2. Assume in Example 1 that you borrowed the money on March 1 and immediately bought the stock for $8,000. You did not buy the household items until June 1. You had deposited the $2,000 in the bank. You had no other transactions on the bank account until June. You did not sell the stock, and you made no principal payments on the debt. You paid interest from another account. The $8,000 is treated as being used for an investment purpose. The $2,000 is treated as being used for an investment purpose for the 3-month period. Your total interest expense for 3 months on this debt is investment interest. In June, when you spend the $2,000 for household items, you must begin to allocate 80% of the debt and the interest expense to investment purposes and 20% to personal purposes.
Amounts paid within 30 days. If you receive loan proceeds in cash or if the loan proceeds are deposited in an account, you can treat any payment (up to the amount of the proceeds) made from any account you own, or from cash, as made from those proceeds. This applies to any payment made within 30 days before or after the proceeds are received in cash or deposited in your account.
If you received the loan proceeds in cash, you can treat the payment as made on the date you received the cash instead of the date you actually made the payment.
Payments on debt may require new allocation. As you repay a debt used for more than one purpose, you must reallocate the balance. You must first reduce the amount allocated to personal purposes by the repayment. You then reallocate the rest of the debt to find what part is for investment purposes.
Example 3. If, in Example 2, you repay $500 on November 1, the entire repayment is applied against the amount allocated to personal purposes. The debt balance is now allocated as $8,000 for investment purposes and $1,500 for personal purposes. Until the next reallocation is necessary, 84% ($8,000 ÷ $9,500) of the debt and the interest expense is allocated to investment.
Pass-through entities. If you use borrowed funds to buy an interest in a partnership or S corporation, then the interest on those funds must be allocated based on the assets of the entity. If you contribute to the capital of the entity, you can make the allocation using any reasonable method.
Additional allocation rules. For more information about allocating interest expense, see chapter 4 of Pub. 535.
When To Deduct Investment Interest
If you use the cash method of accounting, you must pay the interest before you can deduct it.
If you use an accrual method of accounting, you can deduct interest over the period it accrues, regardless of when you pay it. For an exception, see Unpaid expenses owed to related party, later in this chapter.
Example. You borrowed $1,000 on August 24, 2015, payable in 90 days at 12% interest. On November 24, 2015, you paid this with a new note for $1,030, due on February 24, 2016. If you use the cash method of accounting, you cannot deduct any part of the $30 interest on your return for 2015 because you did not actually pay it. If you use an accrual method, you may be able to deduct a portion of the interest on the loans through December 31, 2015, on your return for 2015.
Interest paid in advance. Generally, if you pay interest in advance for a period that goes beyond the end of the tax year, you must spread the interest over the tax years to which it belongs under the OID rules discussed in chapter 1. You can deduct in each year only the interest for that year.
Interest on margin accounts. If you are a cash method taxpayer, you can deduct interest on margin accounts to buy taxable securities as investment interest in the year you paid it. You are considered to have paid interest on these accounts only when you actually pay the broker or when payment becomes available to the broker through your account. Payment may become available to the broker through your account when the broker collects dividends or interest for your account, or sells securities held for you or received from you.
You cannot deduct any interest on money borrowed for personal reasons.
Limit on interest deduction for market discount bonds. The amount you can deduct for interest expense you paid or accrued during the year to buy or carry a market discount bond may be limited. This limit does not apply if you accrue the market discount and include it in your income currently.
Under this limit, the interest is deductible only to the extent it is more than:
1. The total interest and OID includible in gross income for the bond for the year, plus
2. The market discount for the number of days you held the bond during the year.
Figure the amount in (2) above using the rules for figuring accrued market discount in chapter 1 under
Market Discount Bonds.Interest not deducted due to limit. In the year you dispose of the bond, you can deduct any interest expense you were not allowed to deduct in earlier years because of the limit.
Choosing to deduct disallowed interest expense before the year of disposition. You can choose to deduct disallowed interest expense in any year before the year you dispose of the bond, up to your net interest income from the bond during the year. The rest of the disallowed interest expense remains deductible in the year you dispose of the bond.
Net interest income. This is the interest income (including OID) from the bond that you include in income for the year, minus the interest expense paid or accrued during the year to purchase or carry the bond.
Limit on interest deduction for short-term obligations. If the current income inclusion rules discussed in chapter 1 under Discount on Short-Term Obligations do not apply to you, the amount you can deduct for interest expense you paid or accrued during the year to buy or carry a short-term obligation is limited.
The interest is deductible only to the extent it is more than:
• The amount of acquisition discount or OID on the obligation for the tax year, plus
• The amount of any interest payable on the obligation for the year that is not included in income because of your accounting method (other than interest taken into account in determining the amount of acquisition discount or OID).
The method of determining acquisition discount and OID for short-term obligations is discussed in chapter 1 under
Discount on Short-Term Obligations.Interest not deducted due to limit. In the year you dispose of the obligation, or, if you choose, in another year in which you have net interest income from the obligation, you can deduct any interest expense you were not allowed to deduct for an earlier year because of the limit. Follow the same rules provided in the earlier discussion under Limit on interest deduction for market discount bonds, earlier.
Limit on Deduction
Generally, your deduction for investment interest expense is limited to your net investment income.
You can carry over the amount of investment interest you could not deduct because of this limit to the next tax year. The interest carried over is treated as investment interest paid or accrued in that next year.
You can carry over disallowed investment interest to the next tax year even if it is more than your taxable income in the year the interest was paid or accrued.
Net Investment Income
Determine the amount of your net investment income by subtracting your investment expenses (other than interest expense) from your investment income.
Investment income. This generally includes your gross income from property held for investment (such as interest, dividends, annuities, and royalties). Investment income does not include Alaska Permanent Fund dividends. It also does not include qualified dividends or net capital gain unless you choose to include them.
Choosing to include qualified dividends. Investment income generally does not include qualified dividends, discussed in chapter 1. However, you can choose to include all or part of your qualified dividends in investment income.
You make this choice by completing Form 4952, line 4g, according to its instructions.
If you choose to include any of your qualified dividends in investment income, you must reduce your qualified dividends that are eligible for the lower capital gains tax rates by the same amount.
Choosing to include net capital gain. Investment income generally does not include net capital gain from disposing of investment property (including capital gain distributions from mutual funds). However, you can choose to include all or part of your net capital gain in investment income.
You make this choice by completing Form 4952, line 4g, according to its instructions.
If you choose to include any of your net capital gain in investment income, you must reduce your net capital gain that is eligible for the lower capital gains tax rates by the same amount.
For more information about the capital gains rates, see Capital Gain Tax Rates in chapter 4.
TIP: Before making either choice, consider the overall effect on your tax liability. Compare your tax if you make one or both of these choices with your tax if you do not.
Investment income of child reported on parent's return. Investment income includes the part of your child's interest and dividend income you choose to report on your return. If the child does not have qualified dividends, Alaska Permanent Fund dividends, or capital gain distributions, this is the amount on line 6 of Form 8814. Include it on line 4a of Form 4952.
Example. Your 8-year-old son has interest income of $2,200, which you choose to report on your own return. You enter $2,200 on Form 8814, lines 1a and 4, and $100 on lines 6 and 12 and complete Part II. Also enter $100 on Form 1040, line 21. Your investment income includes this $100.
Child's qualified dividends. If part of the amount you report is your child's qualified dividends, that part (which is reported on Form 1040, line 9b) generally does not count as investment income. However, you can choose to include all or part of it in investment income, as explained under Choosing to include qualified dividends, earlier.
Your investment income also includes the amount on Form 8814, line 12 (or, if applicable, the reduced amount figured next under Child's Alaska Permanent Fund dividends).
Child's Alaska Permanent Fund dividends. If part of the amount you report is your child's Alaska Permanent Fund dividends, that part does not count as investment income. To figure the amount of your child's income that you can consider your investment income, start with the amount on Form 8814, line 6. Multiply that amount by a percentage that is equal to the Alaska Permanent Fund dividends divided by the total amount on Form 8814, line 4. Subtract the result from the amount on Form 8814, line 12.
Example. Your 10-year-old child has taxable interest income of $4,000 and Alaska Permanent Fund dividends of $2,000. You choose to report this on your return. You enter $4,000 on Form 8814, line 1a, $2,000 on line 2a, and $6,000 on line 4. You then enter $3,900 on Form 8814, lines 6 and 12, and Form 1040, line 21. You figure the amount of your child's income that you can consider your investment income as follows:
$3,900 - ($3,900 × ($2,000 ÷ $6,000)) = $2,600
You include the result, $2,600, on Form 4952, line 4a.
Child's capital gain distributions. If part of the amount you report is your child's capital gain distributions, that part (which is reported on Form 1040, line 13) generally does not count as investment income. However, you can choose to include all or part of it in investment income, as explained in Choosing to include net capital gain, earlier.
Your investment income also includes the amount on Form 8814, line 12 (or, if applicable, the reduced amount figured under Child's Alaska Permanent Fund dividends, earlier).
Investment expenses. Investment expenses are your allowed deductions (other than interest expense) directly connected with the production of investment income. Investment expenses that are included as a miscellaneous itemized deduction on Schedule A (Form 1040) are allowable deductions after applying the 2% limit that applies to miscellaneous itemized deductions. Use the smaller of:
• The investment expenses included on Schedule A (Form 1040), line 23; or
• The amount on Schedule A (Form 1040), line 27.
See
Expenses of Producing Income,later, for a discussion of the 2% limit.
Losses from passive activities. Income or expenses that you used in computing income or loss from a passive activity are not included in determining your investment income or investment expenses (including investment interest expense). See Pub. 925 for information about passive activities.
Example. Ted is a partner in a partnership that operates a business. However, he does not materially participate in the partnership's business. Ted's interest in the partnership is considered a passive activity.
Ted's investment income from interest and dividends (other than qualified dividends) is $10,000. His investment expenses (other than interest) are $3,200 after taking into account the 2% limit on miscellaneous itemized deductions. His investment interest expense is $8,000. Ted also has income from the partnership of $2,000.
Ted figures his net investment income and the limit on his investment interest expense deduction in the following way:
Total investment income $10,000
Minus: Investment expenses (other than
interest) 3,200
-------
Net investment income $6,800
=======
Deductible investment interest expense for
the year $6,800
=======
The $2,000 of income from the passive activity is not used in determining Ted's net investment income. His investment interest deduction for the year is limited to $6,800, the amount of his net investment income.
Form 4952
Use Form 4952 to figure your deduction for investment interest. See Form 4952 for more information.
Exception to use of Form 4952. You do not have to complete Form 4952 or attach it to your return if you meet all of the following tests.
• Your investment interest expense is not more than your investment income from interest and ordinary dividends minus any qualified dividends.
• You do not have any other deductible investment expenses.
• You have no carryover of investment interest expense from 2014.
If you meet all of these tests, you can deduct all of your investment interest.
Bond Premium Amortization
If you pay a premium to buy a bond, the premium is part of your basis in the bond. If the bond yields taxable interest, you can choose to amortize the premium. This generally means that each year, over the life of the bond, you use a part of the premium to reduce the amount of interest includible in your income. If you make this choice, you must reduce your basis in the bond by the amortization for the year.
If the bond yields tax-exempt interest, you must amortize the premium. This amortized amount is not deductible in determining taxable income. However, each year you must reduce your basis in the bond (and tax-exempt interest otherwise reportable on Form 1040, line 8b) by the amortization for the year.
A new box 13 has been added to Form 1099-INT to report bond premium on tax-exempt bonds. For a tax-exempt covered security acquired at a premium, box 13 shows the amount of bond premium amortization allocable to the interest paid during the tax year. If a net amount of interest appears in box 8 or 9, whichever is applicable, box 13 will be blank.
Bond premium. Bond premium is the amount by which your basis in the bond right after you get it is more than the total of all amounts payable on the bond after you get it (other than payments of qualified stated interest). For example, a bond with a maturity value of $1,000 generally would have a $50 premium if you buy it for $1,050.
Special rules to determine amounts payable on a bond. For special rules that apply to determine the amounts payable on a variable rate bond, an inflation-indexed debt instrument, a bond that provides for certain alternative payment schedules (for example, a bond callable prior to the stated maturity date of the bond), or a bond that provides for remote or incidental contingencies, see Regulations section • Convertible bonds, • Bonds you got in a trade, and • Bonds whose basis has to be determined using the basis of the person who transferred the bond to you.
See Regulations section
(e).Dealers. A dealer in taxable bonds (or anyone who holds them mainly for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business or who would properly include bonds in inventory at the close of the tax year) cannot claim a deduction for amortizable bond premium.
See section 75 of the Internal Revenue Code for the treatment of bond premium by a dealer in tax-exempt bonds.
How To Figure Amortization
For bonds issued after September 27, 1985, you must amortize bond premium using a constant yield method on the basis of the bond's yield to maturity, determined by using the bond's basis and compounding at the close of each accrual period.
Constant yield method. Figure the bond premium amortization for each accrual period as follows.
Step 1: Determine your yield. Your yield is the discount rate that, when used in figuring the present value of all remaining payments to be made on the bond (including payments of qualified stated interest), produces an amount equal to your basis in the bond. Figure the yield as of the date you got the bond. It must be constant over the term of the bond and must be figured to at least two decimal places when expressed as a percentage.
If you do not know the yield, consult your broker or tax advisor. Databases available to them are likely to show the yield at the date of purchase.
Step 2: Determine the accrual periods. You can choose the accrual periods to use. They may be of any length and may vary in length over the term of the bond, but each accrual period can be no longer than 1 year and each scheduled payment of principal or interest must occur either on the first or the final day of an accrual period. The computation is simplest if accrual periods are the same as the intervals between interest payment dates.
Step 3: Determine the bond premium for the accrual period. To do this, multiply your adjusted acquisition price at the beginning of the accrual period by your yield. Then subtract the result from the qualified stated interest for the period.
Your adjusted acquisition price at the beginning of the first accrual period is the same as your basis. After that, it is your basis decreased by the amount of bond premium amortized for earlier periods and the amount of any payment previously made on the bond other than a payment of qualified stated interest.
Example. On February 1, 2014, you bought a taxable bond for $110,000. The bond has a stated principal amount of $100,000, payable at maturity on February 1, 2021, making your premium $10,000 ($110,000 - $100,000). The bond pays qualified stated interest of $10,000 on February 1 of each year. Your yield is 8.07439% compounded annually. You choose to use annual accrual periods ending on February 1 of each year. To find your bond premium amortization for the accrual period ending on February 1, 2015, you multiply the adjusted acquisition price at the beginning of the period ($110,000) by your yield. When you subtract the result ($8,881.83) from the qualified stated interest for the period ($10,000), you find that your bond premium amortization for the period is $1,118.17.
Special rules to figure amortization. For special rules to figure the bond premium amortization on a variable rate bond, an inflation-indexed debt instrument, a bond that provides for certain alternative payment schedules (for example, a bond callable prior to the stated maturity date of the bond), or a bond that provides for remote or incidental contingencies, see Regulations section • The straight-line method, and • The Revenue Ruling 82-10 method.
Straight-line method.
Under this method, the amount of your bond premium amortization is the same each month. Divide the number of months you held the bond during the year by the number of months from the beginning of the tax year (or, if later, the date of acquisition) to the date of maturity or earlier call date. Then multiply the result by the bond premium (reduced by any bond premium amortization claimed in earlier years). This gives you your bond premium amortization for the year.
Revenue Ruling 82-10 method. Under this method, the amount of your bond premium amortization increases each month over the life of the bond. This method is explained in Revenue Ruling 82-10, 1982-1 C.B. 46.
Choosing To Amortize
You choose to amortize the premium on taxable bonds by reporting the amortization for the year on your income tax return for the first tax year you want the choice to apply. You should attach a statement to your return that you are making this choice under section 171. See How To Report Amortization, next.
This choice is binding for the year you make it and for later tax years. It applies to all taxable bonds you own in the year you make the choice and also to those you acquire in later years.
You can change your decision to amortize bond premium only with the written approval of the IRS. To request approval, use Form 3115. For more information on requesting approval, see section 5 of Revenue Procedure 2015-14 in Internal Revenue Bulletin 2015-5. You can find Revenue Procedure 2015-14 at http://www.irs.gov/irb/2015-5_IRB/ar13.html.
How To Report Amortization
Subtract the bond premium amortization from your interest income from these bonds.
Report the bond's interest on Schedule B (Form 1040A or 1040), line 1. Under your last entry on line 1, put a subtotal of all interest listed on line 1. Below this subtotal, print "ABP Adjustment," and the total interest you received. Subtract this amount from the subtotal, and enter the result on line 2.
Bond premium amortization more than interest. If the amount of your bond premium amortization for an accrual period is more than the qualified stated interest for the period, you can deduct the difference as a miscellaneous itemized deduction on Schedule A (Form 1040), line 28.
But your deduction is limited to the amount by which your total interest inclusions on the bond in prior accrual periods is more than your total bond premium deductions on the bond in prior periods. Any amount you cannot deduct because of this limit can be carried forward to the next accrual period.
Pre-1998 election to amortize bond premium. Generally, if you first elected to amortize bond premium before 1998, the above treatment of the premium does not apply to bonds you acquired before 1988.
Bonds acquired before October 23, 1986. The amortization of the premium on these bonds is a miscellaneous itemized deduction not subject to the 2%-of-adjusted-gross-income limit.
Bonds acquired after October 22, 1986, but before 1988. The amortization of the premium on these bonds is investment interest expense subject to the investment interest limit, unless you choose to treat it as an offset to interest income on the bond.
Expenses of Producing Income
You deduct investment expenses (other than interest expenses) as miscellaneous itemized deductions on Schedule A (Form 1040). To be deductible, these expenses must be ordinary and necessary expenses paid or incurred:
• To produce or collect income, or
• To manage property held for producing income.
The expenses must be directly related to the income or income-producing property, and the income must be taxable to you.
The deduction for most income-producing expenses is subject to a 2% limit that also applies to certain other miscellaneous itemized deductions. The amount deductible is limited to the total of these miscellaneous deductions that is more than 2% of your adjusted gross income.
For information on how to report expenses of producing income, see How To Report Investment Expenses, later.
Attorney or accounting fees. You can deduct attorney or accounting fees that are necessary to produce or collect taxable income. However, in some cases, attorney or accounting fees are part of the basis of property. See Basis of Investment Property in chapter 4.
Automatic investment service and dividend reinvestment plans. A bank may offer its checking account customers an automatic investment service so that, for a charge, each customer can choose to invest a part of the checking account each month in common stock. Or a bank that is a dividend disbursing agent for a number of publicly-owned corporations may set up an automatic dividend reinvestment service. Through that service, cash dividends are reinvested in more shares of stock after the bank deducts a service charge.
A corporation in which you own stock also may have a dividend reinvestment plan. This plan lets you choose to use your dividends to buy more shares of stock in the corporation instead of receiving the dividends in cash.
You can deduct the monthly service charge you pay to a bank to participate in an automatic investment service. If you participate in a dividend reinvestment plan, you can deduct any service charge subtracted from your cash dividends before the dividends are used to buy more shares of stock. Deduct the charges in the year you pay them.
Clerical help and office rent. You can deduct office expenses, such as rent and clerical help, you incurred in connection with your investments and collecting the taxable income on your investments.
Cost of replacing missing securities. To replace your taxable securities that are mislaid, lost, stolen, or destroyed, you may have to post an indemnity bond. You can deduct the premium you pay to buy the indemnity bond and the related incidental expenses.
You may, however, get a refund of part of the bond premium if the missing securities are recovered within a specified time. Under certain types of insurance policies, you can recover some of the expenses.
If you receive the refund in the tax year you pay the amounts, you can deduct only the difference between the expenses paid and the amount refunded. If the refund is made in a later tax year, you must include the refund in income in the year you received it, but only to the extent that the expenses decreased your tax in the year you deducted them.
Fees to collect income. You can deduct fees you pay to a broker, bank, trustee, or similar agent to collect investment income, such as your taxable bond or mortgage interest, or your dividends on shares of stock.
Fees to buy or sell. You cannot deduct a fee you pay to a broker to acquire investment property, such as stocks or bonds. You must add the fee to the cost of the property. See Basis of Investment Property in chapter 4.
You cannot deduct any broker's fees, commissions, or option premiums you pay (or that were netted out) in connection with the sale of investment property. They can be used only to figure gain or loss from the sale. See Reporting Capital Gains and Losses, in chapter 4, for more information about the treatment of these sale expenses.
Investment counsel and advice. You can deduct fees you pay for counsel and advice about investments that produce taxable income. This includes amounts you pay for investment advisory services.
Safe deposit box rent. You can deduct rent you pay for a safe deposit box if you use the box to store taxable income-producing stocks, bonds, or other investment-related papers and documents. If you also use the box to store tax-exempt securities or personal items, you can deduct only part of the rent. See Tax-exempt income, later, to figure what part you can deduct.
State and local transfer taxes. You cannot deduct the state and local transfer taxes you pay when you buy or sell securities. If you pay these transfer taxes when you buy securities, you must treat them as part of the cost of the property. If you pay these transfer taxes when you sell securities, you must treat them as a reduction in the amount realized.
Trustee's commissions for revocable trust. If you set up a revocable trust and have its income distributed to you, you can deduct the commission you pay the trustee for managing the trust to the extent it is to produce or collect taxable income or to manage property. However, you cannot deduct any part of the commission used for producing or collecting tax-exempt income or for managing property that produces tax-exempt income.
If you are a cash-basis taxpayer and pay the commissions for several years in advance, you must deduct a part of the commission each year. You cannot deduct the entire amount in the year you pay it.
Investment expenses from pass-through entities. If you hold an interest in a partnership, S corporation, real estate mortgage investment conduit (REMIC), or a nonpublicly offered mutual fund, you can deduct your share of that entity's investment expenses. A partnership or S corporation will show your share of these expenses on your Schedule K-1 (Form 1065) or Schedule K-1 (Form 1120S). A nonpublicly offered mutual fund will indicate your share of these expenses in box 5 of Form 1099-DIV. Publicly-offered mutual funds are discussed later.
If you hold an interest in a REMIC, any expenses relating to your residual interest investment will be shown on Schedule Q (Form 1066), line 3b. Any expenses relating to your regular interest investment will appear in box 5 of Form 1099-OID.
Report your share of these investment expenses on Schedule A (Form 1040), subject to the 2% limit, in the same manner as your other investment expenses.
Including mutual fund or REMIC expenses in income. Your share of the investment expenses of a REMIC or a nonpublicly offered mutual fund, as described above, are considered to be indirect deductions through that pass-through entity. You must include in your gross income an amount equal to the expenses allocated to you, whether or not you are able to claim a deduction for those expenses. If you are a shareholder in a nonpublicly offered mutual fund, you must include on your return the full amount of ordinary dividends or other distributions of stock, as shown in box 1a of Form 1099-DIV. If you are a residual interest holder in a REMIC, you must report as ordinary income on Schedule E (Form 1040) the total amounts shown on Schedule Q (Form 1066), lines 1b and 3b. If you are a REMIC regular interest holder, you must include the amount of any expense allocation you received on Form 1040, line 8a.
Publicly-offered mutual funds. Most mutual funds are publicly offered. These mutual funds, generally, are traded on an established securities exchange. These funds do not pass investment expenses through to you. Instead, the dividend income they report to you in box 1a of Form 1099-DIV is already reduced by your share of investment expenses. As a result, you cannot deduct the expenses on your return.
Include the amount from box 1a of Form 1099-DIV in your income.
TIP: A publicly offered mutual fund is one that:
1.
Is continuously offered pursuant to a public offering,2. Is regularly traded on an established securities market, and
3. Is held by or for no fewer than 500 persons at any time during the year.
Contact your mutual fund if you are not sure whether it is publicly offered.
Nondeductible Expenses
Some expenses that you incur as an investor are not deductible.
Stockholders' meetings. You cannot deduct transportation and other expenses you pay to attend stockholders' meetings of companies in which you have no interest other than owning stock. This is true even if your purpose in attending is to get information that would be useful in making further investments.
Investment-related seminar. You cannot deduct expenses for attending a convention, seminar, or similar meeting for investment purposes.
Single-premium life insurance, endowment, and annuity contracts. You cannot deduct interest on money you borrow to buy or carry a single-premium life insurance, endowment, or annuity contract.
Used as collateral. If you use a single premium annuity contract as collateral to obtain or continue a mortgage loan, you cannot deduct any interest on the loan that is collateralized by the annuity contract. Figure the amount of interest expense disallowed by multiplying the current interest rate on the mortgage loan by the lesser of the amount of the annuity contract used as collateral or the amount of the loan.
Borrowing on insurance. Generally, you cannot deduct interest on money you borrow to buy or carry a life insurance, endowment, or annuity contract if you plan to systematically borrow part or all of the increases in the cash value of the contract. This rule applies to the interest on the total amount borrowed to buy or carry the contract, not just the interest on the borrowed increases in the cash value.
Tax-exempt income. You cannot deduct expenses you incur to produce tax-exempt income. Nor can you deduct interest on money you borrow to buy tax-exempt securities or shares in a mutual fund or other regulated investment company that distributes only exempt-interest dividends.
Short-sale expenses. The rule disallowing a deduction for interest expenses on tax-exempt securities applies to amounts you pay in connection with personal property used in a short sale or amounts paid by others for the use of any collateral in connection with the short sale. However, it does not apply to the expenses you incur if you deposit cash as collateral for the property used in the short sale and the cash does not earn a material return during the period of the sale. Short sales are discussed in Short Sales in chapter 4.
Expenses for both tax-exempt and taxable income. You may have expenses that are for both tax-exempt and taxable income. If you cannot specifically identify what part of the expenses is for each type of income, you can divide the expenses, using reasonable proportions based on facts and circumstances. You must attach a statement to your return showing how you divided the expenses and stating that each deduction claimed is not based on tax-exempt income.
One accepted method for dividing expenses is to do it in the same proportion that each type of income is to the total income. If the expenses relate in part to capital gains and losses, include the gains, but not the losses, in figuring this proportion. To find the part of the expenses that is for the tax-exempt income, divide your tax-exempt income by the total income and multiply your expenses by the result.
Example. You received $6,000 interest; $4,800 was tax-exempt and $1,200 was taxable. In earning this income, you had $500 of expenses. You cannot specifically identify the amount of each expense item that is for each income item, so you must divide your expenses. 80% ($4,800 tax-exempt interest divided by $6,000 total interest) of your expenses is for the tax-exempt income. You cannot deduct $400 (80% of $500) of the expenses. You can deduct $100 (the rest of the expenses) because they are for the taxable interest.
State income taxes. If you itemize your deductions, you can deduct, as taxes, state income taxes on interest income that is exempt from federal income tax. But you cannot deduct, as either taxes or investment expenses, state income taxes on other exempt income.
Interest expense and carrying charges on straddles. You cannot deduct interest and carrying charges allocable to personal property that is part of a straddle. The nondeductible interest and carrying charges are added to the basis of the straddle property. However, this treatment does not apply if:
• All the offsetting positions making up the straddle either consist of one or more qualified covered call options and the optioned stock, or consist of section 1256 contracts (and the straddle is not part of a larger straddle); or
• The straddle is a hedging transaction.
For information about straddles, including definitions of the terms used in this discussion, see
Straddlesin chapter 4.
Interest includes any amount you pay or incur in connection with personal property used in a short sale. However, you must first apply the rules discussed in Payments in lieu of dividends, later.
To determine the interest on market discount bonds and short-term obligations that are part of a straddle, you must first apply the rules discussed under Limit on interest deduction for market discount bonds and Limit on interest deduction for short-term obligations, earlier.
Nondeductible amount. Figure the nondeductible interest and carrying charges on straddle property as follows.
1. Add:
a. Interest on indebtedness incurred or continued to buy or carry the personal property, and
b. All other amounts (including charges to insure, store, or transport the personal property) paid or incurred to carry the personal property.
2. Subtract from the amount in (1):
a. Interest (including OID) includible in gross income for the year on the personal property,
b. Any income from the personal property treated as ordinary income on the disposition of short-term government obligations or as ordinary income under the market discount and short-term bond provisions -- see Discount on Debt Instruments in chapter 1,
c. The dividends includible in gross income for the year from the personal property, and
d. Any payment on a loan of the personal property for use in a short sale that is includible in gross income.
Add the nondeductible amount to the basis of your straddle property.
How To Report Investment Expenses
To deduct your investment expenses, you must itemize deductions on Schedule A (Form 1040). Enter your deductible investment interest expense on Schedule A (Form 1040), line 14. Include any deductible short sale expenses. (See Short Sales in chapter 4 for information on these expenses.) Also attach a completed Form 4952 if you used that form to figure your investment interest expense.
Enter the total amount of your other investment expenses (other than interest expenses) on Schedule A (Form 1040), line 23. List the type and amount of each expense on the dotted lines next to line 23. (If necessary, you can show the required information on an attached statement.)
For information on how to report amortizable bond premium, see Bond Premium Amortization, earlier in this chapter.
When To Report Investment Expenses
If you use the cash method to report income and expenses, you generally deduct your expenses, except for certain prepaid interest, in the year you pay them.
If you use an accrual method, you generally deduct your expenses when you incur a liability for them, rather than when you pay them.
Also see When To Deduct Investment Interest, earlier in this chapter.
Unpaid expenses owed to related party. If you use an accrual method, you cannot deduct interest and other expenses owed to a related cash-basis person until payment is made and the amount is includible in the gross income of that person. The relationship, for purposes of this rule, is determined as of the end of the tax year for which the interest or expense would otherwise be deductible. If a deduction is denied under this rule, this rule will continue to apply even if your relationship with the person ceases to exist before the amount is includible in the gross income of that person.
This rule generally applies to those relationships listed in chapter 4 under Related Party Transactions. It also applies to accruals by partnerships to partners, partners to partnerships, shareholders to S corporations, and S corporations to shareholders.
The postponement of deductions for unpaid expenses and interest under the related party rule does not apply to OID, regardless of when payment is made. This rule also does not apply to loans with below-market interest rates or to certain payments for the use of property and services when the lender or recipient has to include payments periodically in income, even if a payment has not been made.
4. Sales and Trades of Investment Property
Introduction
This chapter explains the tax treatment of sales and trades of investment property.
Investment property. This is property that produces investment income. Examples include stocks, bonds, and Treasury bills and notes. Property used in a trade or business is not investment property.
Form 1099-B. If you sold property such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds, or certain commodities through a broker during the year, the broker should send you, for each sale, a Form 1099-B, Proceeds From Broker and Barter Exchange Transactions. You should receive Form 1099-B for 2015 by February 16, 2016. It will show the gross proceeds from the sale. The IRS will also get a copy of Form 1099-B from the broker.
Use Form 1099-B received from your broker to complete Form 8949. If you sold a covered security in 2015, your broker will send you a Form 1099-B that shows your basis. This will help you complete Form 8949. Generally, a covered security is a security you acquired after 2010, with certain exceptions explained in the Instructions for Form 8949.
TIP: For more information on Form 8949 and Schedule D (Form 1040), see Reporting Capital Gains and Losses in this chapter. Also see the Instructions for Form 8949 and the Instructions for Schedule D (Form 1040).
Nominees. If someone receives gross proceeds as a nominee for you, that person will give you a Form 1099-B, which will show gross proceeds received on your behalf.
If you receive a Form 1099-B that includes gross proceeds belonging to another person, see Nominees, later under Reporting Capital Gains and Losses for more information.
Other property transactions. Certain transfers of property are discussed in other IRS publications. These include:
• Sale of your main home, discussed in
Pub. 523, Selling Your Home;
• Installment sales, covered in Pub. 537;
• Various types of transactions involving business property, discussed in Pub. 544, Sales and Other Dispositions of Assets;
• Transfers of property at death, covered in Pub. 559; and
• Disposition of an interest in a passive activity, discussed in Pub. 925.
Topics
This chapter discusses:
•
What Is a Sale or Trade?,• Basis of Investment Property,
• Adjusted Basis,
• How To Figure Gain or Loss,
• Nontaxable Trades,
• Transfers Between Spouses,
• Related Party Transactions,
• Capital Gains and Losses,
• Reporting Capital Gains and Losses, and
• Special Rules for Traders in Securities.
Useful Items
You may want to see:
Publication
Form (and Instructions)
•
Schedule D (Form 1040)Capital Gains and Losses
• Form 6781 Gains and Losses From Section 1256 Contracts and Straddles
• Form 8582 Passive Activity Loss Limitations
• Form 8824 Like-Kind Exchanges
• Form 8949 Sales and Other Dispositions of Capital Assets
See chapter 5,
How To Get Tax Help,for information about getting these publications and forms.
What Is a Sale or Trade?
Terms you may need to know (see Glossary):
• Equity option
• Futures contract
• Marked-to-market rule
• Nonequity option
• Options dealer
• Regulated futures contract
• Section 1256 contract
• Short sale
This section explains what is a sale or trade. It also explains certain transactions and events that are treated as sales or trades.
A sale is generally a transfer of property for money or a mortgage, note, or other promise to pay money.
A trade is a transfer of property for other property or services, and may be taxed in the same way as a sale.
Sale and purchase. Ordinarily, a transaction is not a trade when you voluntarily sell property for cash and immediately buy similar property to replace it. The sale and purchase are two separate transactions. But see Like-Kind Exchanges under Nontaxable Trades, later.
Redemption of stock. A redemption of stock is treated as a sale or trade and is subject to the capital gain or loss provisions unless the redemption is a dividend or other distribution on stock.
Dividend versus sale or trade. Whether a redemption is treated as a sale, trade, dividend, or other distribution depends on the circumstances in each case. Both direct and indirect ownership of stock will be considered. The redemption is treated as a sale or trade of stock if:
• The redemption is not essentially equivalent to a dividend -- see
Dividends and Other Distributionsin chapter 1,
• There is a substantially disproportionate redemption of stock,
• There is a complete redemption of all the stock of the corporation owned by the shareholder, or
• The redemption is a distribution in partial liquidation of a corporation.
Redemption or retirement of bonds.
A redemption or retirement of bonds or notes at their maturity generally is treated as a sale or trade. See
Stocks, stock rights, and bondsand
Discounted Debt Instruments,later.
In addition, a significant modification of a bond is treated as a trade of the original bond for a new bond. For details, see Regulations section Pub. 556.
Constructive Sales of Appreciated Financial Positions
You are treated as having made a constructive sale when you enter into certain transactions involving an appreciated financial position (defined later) in stock, a partnership interest, or certain debt instruments. You must recognize gain as if the position were disposed of at its fair market value on the date of the constructive sale. This gives you a new holding period for the position that begins on the date of the constructive sale. Then, when you close the transaction, you reduce your gain (or increase your loss) by the gain recognized on the constructive sale.
Constructive sale. You are treated as having made a constructive sale of an appreciated financial position if you:
• Enter into a short sale of the same or substantially identical property,
• Enter into an offsetting notional principal contract relating to the same or substantially identical property,
• Enter into a futures or forward contract to deliver the same or substantially identical property (including a forward contract that provides for cash settlement), or
• Acquire the same or substantially identical property (if the appreciated financial position is a short sale, an offsetting notional principal contract, or a futures or forward contract).
You are also treated as having made a constructive sale of an appreciated financial position if a person related to you enters into a transaction described above with a view toward avoiding the constructive sale treatment. For this purpose, a related person is any related party described under
Related Party Transactions,later in this chapter.
Exception for nonmarketable securities. You are not treated as having made a constructive sale solely because you entered into a contract for sale of any stock, debt instrument, or partnership interest that is not a marketable security if it settles within 1 year of the date you enter into it.
Exception for certain closed transactions. Do not treat a transaction as a constructive sale if all of the following are true.
1. You closed the transaction on or before the 30th day after the end of your tax year.
2. You held the appreciated financial position throughout the 60-day period beginning on the date you closed the transaction.
3. Your risk of loss was not reduced at any time during that 60-day period by holding certain other positions.
If a closed transaction is reestablished in a substantially similar position during the 60-day period beginning on the date the first transaction was closed, this exception still applies if the reestablished position is closed before the 30th day after the end of your tax year in which the first transaction was closed and, after that closing, (2) and (3) above are true.
This exception also applies to successive short sales of an entire appreciated financial position. For more information, see Revenue Ruling 2003-1 in Internal Revenue Bulletin 2003-3. This bulletin is available at http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-irbs/irb03-03.pdf.
Appreciated financial position. This is any interest in stock, a partnership interest, or a debt instrument (including a futures or forward contract, a short sale, or an option) if disposing of the interest would result in a gain.
Exceptions. An appreciated financial position does not include the following.
1. Any position from which all of the appreciation is accounted for under marked-to-market rules, including section 1256 contracts (described later under
Section 1256 Contracts Marked to Market).
2. Any position in a debt instrument if:
a. The position unconditionally entitles the holder to receive a specified principal amount,
b. The interest payments (or other similar amounts) with respect to the position are payable at a fixed rate or a variable rate described in Regulations section
3. Any hedge with respect to a position described in (2).
Certain trust instruments treated as stock.
For the constructive sale rules, an interest in an actively traded trust is treated as stock unless substantially all of the value of the property held by the trust is debt that qualifies for the exception to the definition of an appreciated financial position (explained in (2) above).
Sale of appreciated financial position. A transaction treated as a constructive sale of an appreciated financial position is not treated as a constructive sale of any other appreciated financial position, as long as you continue to hold the original position. However, if you hold another appreciated financial position and dispose of the original position before closing the transaction that resulted in the constructive sale, you are treated as if, at the same time, you constructively sold the other appreciated financial position.
Section 1256 Contracts Marked to Market
If you hold a section 1256 contract at the end of the tax year, you generally must treat it as sold at its fair market value on the last business day of the tax year.
Section 1256 Contract
A section 1256 contract is any:
• Regulated futures contract,
• Foreign currency contract,
• Nonequity option,
• Dealer equity option, or
• Dealer securities futures contract.
Exceptions.
A section 1256 contract does not include:
• Interest rate swaps,
• Currency swaps,
• Basis swaps,
• Interest rate caps,
• Interest rate floors,
• Commodity swaps,
• Equity swaps,
• Equity index swaps,
• Credit default swaps, or
• Similar agreements.
For more details, including definitions of these terms, see section 1256.
Regulated futures contract. This is a contract that:
• Provides that amounts which must be deposited to, or can be withdrawn from, your margin account depend on daily market conditions (a system of marking to market), and
• Is traded on, or subject to the rules of, a qualified board of exchange. A qualified board of exchange is a domestic board of trade designated as a contract market by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, any board of trade or exchange approved by the Secretary of the Treasury, or a national securities exchange registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Foreign currency contract.
This is a contract that:
• Requires delivery of a foreign currency that has positions traded through regulated futures contracts (or settlement of which depends on the value of that type of foreign currency),
• Is traded in the interbank market, and
• Is entered into at arm's length at a price determined by reference to the price in the interbank market.
Bank forward contracts with maturity dates longer than the maturities ordinarily available for regulated futures contracts are considered to meet the definition of a foreign currency contract if the above three conditions are satisfied.
Special rules apply to certain foreign currency transactions. These transactions may result in ordinary gain or loss treatment. For details, see Internal Revenue Code section 988 and Regulations sections • Is an equity option, • Is bought or granted by that dealer in the normal course of the dealer's business activity of dealing in options, and • Is listed on the qualified board of exchange where that dealer is registered.
An "options dealer" is any person registered with an appropriate national securities exchange as a market maker or specialist in listed options.
Equity option. This is any option:
• To buy or sell stock, or
• That is valued directly or indirectly by reference to any stock or narrow-based security index.
Equity options include options on a group of stocks only if the group is a narrow-based stock index.
Dealer securities futures contract. For any dealer in securities futures contracts or options on those contracts, this is a securities futures contract (or option on such a contract) that:
• Is entered into by the dealer (or, in the case of an option, is purchased or granted by the dealer) in the normal course of the dealer's activity of dealing in this type of contract (or option), and
• Is traded on a qualified board or exchange (as defined under Regulated futures contract, earlier).
A securities futures contract that is not a dealer securities futures contract is treated as described later under
Securities Futures Contracts.Marked-to-Market Rules
A section 1256 contract that you hold at the end of the tax year will generally be treated as sold at its fair market value on the last business day of the tax year, and you must recognize any gain or loss that results. That gain or loss is taken into account in figuring your gain or loss when you later dispose of the contract, as shown in the Example under 60/40 rule, below.
Hedging exception. The marked-to-market rules do not apply to hedging transactions. See Hedging Transactions, later.
60/40 rule. Under the marked-to-market system, 60% of your capital gain or loss will be treated as a long-term capital gain or loss, and 40% will be treated as a short-term capital gain or loss. This is true regardless of how long you actually held the property.
Example. On June 17, 2014, you bought a regulated futures contract for $50,000. On December 31, 2014 (the last business day of your tax year), the fair market value of the contract was $57,000. You recognized a $7,000 gain on your 2014 tax return, treated as 60% long-term and 40% short-term capital gain.
On February 3, 2015, you sold the contract for $56,000. Because you recognized a $7,000 gain on your 2014 return, you recognize a $1,000 loss ($57,000 - $56,000) on your 2015 tax return, treated as 60% long-term and 40% short-term capital loss.
Limited partners or entrepreneurs. The 60/40 rule does not apply to dealer equity options or dealer securities futures contracts that result in capital gain or loss allocable to limited partners or limited entrepreneurs (defined later under Hedging Transactions). Instead, these gains or losses are treated as short term.
Terminations and transfers. The marked-to-market rules also apply if your obligation or rights under section 1256 contracts are terminated or transferred during the tax year. In this case, use the fair market value of each section 1256 contract at the time of termination or transfer to determine the gain or loss. Terminations or transfers may result from any offsetting, delivery, exercise, assignment, or lapse of your obligation or rights under section 1256 contracts.
Loss carryback election. An individual having a net section 1256 contracts loss (defined later), generally can elect to carry this loss back 3 years instead of carrying it over to the next year. See How To Report, later, for information about reporting this election on your return.
The loss carried back to any year under this election cannot be more than the net section 1256 contracts gain in that year. In addition, the amount of loss carried back to an earlier tax year cannot increase or produce a net operating loss for that year.
The loss is carried to the earliest carryback year first, and any unabsorbed loss amount can then be carried to each of the next 2 tax years. In each carryback year, treat 60% of the carryback amount as a long-term capital loss and 40% as a short-term capital loss from section 1256 contracts.
If only a portion of the net section 1256 contracts loss is absorbed by carrying the loss back, the unabsorbed portion can be carried forward, under the capital loss carryover rules, to the year following the loss. For more information, see Capital Losses, later. Figure your capital loss carryover as if, for the loss year, you had an additional short-term capital gain of 40% of the amount of net section 1256 contracts loss absorbed in the carryback years and an additional long-term capital gain of 60% of the absorbed loss. In the carryover year, treat any capital loss carryover from losses on section 1256 contracts as if it were a loss from section 1256 contracts for that year.
Net section 1256 contracts loss. This loss is the lesser of:
• The net capital loss for your tax year determined by taking into account only the gains and losses from section 1256 contracts, or
• The capital loss carryover to the next tax year determined without this election.
Net section 1256 contracts gain.
This gain is the lesser of:
• The capital gain net income for the carryback year determined by taking into account only gains and losses from section 1256 contracts, or
• The capital gain net income for that year.
Figure your net section 1256 contracts gain for any carryback year without regard to the net section 1256 contracts loss for the loss year or any later tax year.
Traders in section 1256 contracts. Gain or loss from the trading of section 1256 contracts is capital gain or loss subject to the marked-to-market rules. However, this does not apply to contracts held for purposes of hedging property if any loss from the property would be an ordinary loss.
Treatment of underlying property. The determination of whether an individual's gain or loss from any property is ordinary or capital gain or loss is made without regard to the fact that the individual is actively engaged in dealing in or trading section 1256 contracts related to that property.
How To Report
If you disposed of regulated futures or foreign currency contracts in 2015 (or had unrealized profit or loss on these contracts that were open at the end of 2014 or 2015), you should receive Form 1099-B from your broker.
Form 6781. Use Part I of Form 6781 to report your gains and losses from all section 1256 contracts that are open at the end of the year or that were closed out during the year. This includes the amount shown in box 11 of Form 1099-B. Then enter the net amount of these gains and losses on Schedule D (Form 1040), line 4 or line 11, as appropriate. Include a copy of Form 6781 with your income tax return.
If the Form 1099-B you receive includes a straddle or hedging transaction, defined later, it may be necessary to show certain adjustments on Form 6781. Follow the Form 6781 instructions for completing Part I.
Loss carryback election. To carry back your loss under the election procedures described earlier, file Form 1040X or Form 1045, Application for Tentative Refund, for the year to which you are carrying the loss with an amended Schedule D (Form 1040) attached. Follow the instructions for completing Form 6781 for the loss year to make this election.
Hedging Transactions
The marked-to-market rules, described earlier, do not apply to hedging transactions. A transaction is a hedging transaction if both of the following conditions are met.
1. You entered into the transaction in the normal course of your trade or business primarily to manage the risk of:
a. Price changes or currency fluctuations on ordinary property you hold (or will hold), or
b. Interest rate or price changes, or currency fluctuations, on your current or future borrowings or ordinary obligations.
2. You clearly identified the transaction as being a hedging transaction before the close of the day on which you entered into it.
This hedging transaction exception does not apply to transactions entered into by or for any syndicate. A syndicate is a partnership, S corporation, or other entity (other than a regular corporation) that allocates more than 35% of its losses to limited partners or limited entrepreneurs. A limited entrepreneur is a person who has an interest in an enterprise (but not as a limited partner) and who does not actively participate in its management. However, an interest is not considered held by a limited partner or entrepreneur if the interest holder actively participates (or did so for at least 5 full years) in the management of the entity, or is the spouse, child (including a legally adopted child), grandchild, or parent of an individual who actively participates in the management of the entity.
Hedging loss limit. If you are a limited partner or entrepreneur in a syndicate, the amount of a hedging loss you can claim is limited. A "hedging loss" is the amount by which the allowable deductions in a tax year that resulted from a hedging transaction (determined without regard to the limit) are more than the income received or accrued during the tax year from this transaction.
Any hedging loss allocated to you for the tax year is limited to your taxable income for that year from the trade or business in which the hedging transaction occurred. Ignore any hedging transaction items in determining this taxable income. If you have a hedging loss that is disallowed because of this limit, you can carry it over to the next tax year as a deduction resulting from a hedging transaction.
If the hedging transaction relates to property other than stock or securities, the limit on hedging losses applies if the limited partner or entrepreneur is an individual.
The limit on hedging losses does not apply to any hedging loss to the extent that it is more than all your unrecognized gains from hedging transactions at the end of the tax year that are from the trade or business in which the hedging transaction occurred. The term "unrecognized gain" has the same meaning as defined under Loss Deferral Rules, later.
Sale of property used in a hedge. Once you identify personal property as being part of a hedging transaction, you must treat gain from its sale or exchange as ordinary income, not capital gain.
Self-Employment Income
Gains and losses derived in the ordinary course of a commodity or option dealer's trading in section 1256 contracts and property related to these contracts are included in net earnings from self-employment. See the Instructions for Schedule SE (Form 1040). In addition, the rules relating to contributions to self-employment retirement plans apply. For information on retirement plan contributions, see Pub. 590-A.
Basis of Investment Property
Terms you may need to know (see Glossary):
• Basis
• Fair market value
• Original issue discount (OID)
Basis is a way of measuring your investment in property for tax purposes. You must know the basis of your property to determine whether you have a gain or loss on its sale or other disposition.
Investment property you buy normally has an original basis equal to its cost. If you get property in some way other than buying it, such as by gift or inheritance, its fair market value may be important in figuring the basis.
Cost Basis
The basis of property you buy is usually its cost. The cost is the amount you pay in cash, debt obligations, or other property or services.
Unstated interest. If you buy property on a time-payment plan that charges little or no interest, the basis of your property is your stated purchase price, minus the amount considered to be unstated interest. You generally have unstated interest if your interest rate is less than the applicable federal rate. For more information, see Unstated Interest and Original Issue Discount (OID) in Pub. 537.
Basis Other Than Cost
There are times when you must use a basis other than cost. In these cases, you may need to know the property's fair market value or the adjusted basis of the previous owner.
Fair market value. This is the price at which the property would change hands between a buyer and a seller, neither being forced to buy or sell and both having reasonable knowledge of all the relevant facts. Sales of similar property, around the same date, may be helpful in figuring fair market value.
Property Received for Services
If you receive investment property for services, you must include the property's fair market value in income. The amount you include in income then becomes your basis in the property. If the services were performed for a price that was agreed to beforehand, this price will be accepted as the fair market value of the property if there is no evidence to the contrary.
Restricted property. If you receive, as payment for services, property that is subject to certain restrictions, your basis in the property generally is its fair market value when it becomes substantially vested. Property becomes substantially vested when it is transferable or is no longer subject to substantial risk of forfeiture, whichever happens first. See Restricted Property in Pub. 525 for more information.
Bargain purchases. If you buy investment property at less than fair market value, as payment for services, you must include the difference in income. Your basis in the property is the price you pay plus the amount you include in income.
Property Received in Taxable Trades
If you received investment property in trade for other property, the basis of the new property is its fair market value at the time of the trade unless you received the property in a nontaxable trade.
Example. You trade A Company stock for B Company stock having a fair market value of $1,200. If the adjusted basis of the A Company stock is less than $1,200, you have a taxable gain on the trade. If the adjusted basis of the A Company stock is more than $1,200, you have a deductible loss on the trade. The basis of your B Company stock is $1,200. If you later sell the B Company stock for $1,300, you will have a gain of $100.
Property Received in Nontaxable Trades
If you have a nontaxable trade, you do not recognize gain or loss until you dispose of the property you received in the trade. See Nontaxable Trades, later.
The basis of property you received in a nontaxable or partly nontaxable trade is generally the same as the adjusted basis of the property you gave up. Increase this amount by any cash you paid, additional costs you had, and any gain recognized. Reduce this amount by any cash or unlike property you received, any loss recognized, and any liability of yours that was assumed or treated as assumed.
Property Received From Your Spouse
If property is transferred to you from your spouse (or former spouse, if the transfer is incident to your divorce), your basis is the same as your spouse's or former spouse's adjusted basis just before the transfer. See Transfers Between Spouses, later.
RECORDS: Recordkeeping. The transferor must give you the records necessary to determine the adjusted basis and holding period of the property as of the date of the transfer.
Property Received as a Gift
To figure your basis in property that you received as a gift, you must know its adjusted basis to the donor just before it was given to you, its fair market value at the time it was given to you, the amount of any gift tax paid on it, and the date it was given to you.
Fair market value less than donor's adjusted basis. If the fair market value of the property at the time of the gift was less than the donor's adjusted basis just before the gift, your basis for gain on its sale or other disposition is the same as the donor's adjusted basis plus or minus any required adjustments to basis during the period you hold the property. Your basis for loss is its fair market value at the time of the gift plus or minus any required adjustments to basis during the period you hold the property.
No gain or loss. If you use the basis for figuring a gain and the result is a loss, and then use the basis for figuring a loss and the result is a gain, you will have neither a gain nor a loss.
Example. You receive a gift of investment property having an adjusted basis of $10,000 at the time of the gift. The fair market value at the time of the gift is $9,000. You later sell the property for $9,500. You have neither gain nor loss. Your basis for figuring gain is $10,000, and $9,500 minus $10,000 results in a $500 loss. Your basis for figuring loss is $9,000, and $9,500 minus $9,000 results in a $500 gain.
Fair market value equal to or more than donor's adjusted basis. If the fair market value of the property at the time of the gift was equal to or more than the donor's adjusted basis just before the gift, your basis for gain or loss on its sale or other disposition is the donor's adjusted basis plus or minus any required adjustments to basis during the period you hold the property. Also, you may be allowed to add to the donor's adjusted basis all or part of any gift tax paid, depending on the date of the gift.
Gift received before 1977. If you received property as a gift before 1977, your basis in the property is the donor's adjusted basis increased by the total gift tax paid on the gift. However, your basis cannot be more than the fair market value of the gift at the time it was given to you.
Example 1. You were given XYZ Company stock in 1976. At the time of the gift, the stock had a fair market value of $21,000. The donor's adjusted basis was $20,000. The donor paid a gift tax of $500 on the gift. Your basis for gain or loss is $20,500, the donor's adjusted basis plus the amount of gift tax paid.
Example 2. The facts are the same as in Example 1 except that the gift tax paid was $1,500. Your basis is $21,000, the donor's adjusted basis plus the gift tax paid, but limited to the fair market value of the stock at the time of the gift.
Gift received after 1976. If you received property as a gift after 1976, your basis is the donor's adjusted basis increased by the part of the gift tax paid that was for the net increase in value of the gift. You figure this part by multiplying the gift tax paid on the gift by a fraction. The numerator (top part) is the net increase in value of the gift and the denominator (bottom part) is the amount of the gift.
The net increase in value of the gift is the fair market value of the gift minus the donor's adjusted basis. The amount of the gift is its value for gift tax purposes after reduction by any annual exclusion and marital or charitable deduction that applies to the gift.
Example. In 2015, you received a gift of property from your mother. At the time of the gift, the property had a fair market value of $101,000 and an adjusted basis to her of $40,000. The amount of the gift for gift tax purposes was $87,000 ($101,000 minus the $14,000 annual exclusion), and your mother paid a gift tax of $21,000. You figure your basis in the following way:
Fair market value $101,000
Minus: Adjusted basis 40,000
--------
Net increase in value of gift $61,000
========
Gift tax paid $21,000
Multiplied by .701 ($61,000 ÷
$87,000) .701
--------
Gift tax due to net increase in value $14,721
Plus: Adjusted basis of property to
your mother 40,000
--------
Your basis in the property $54,721
========
Part sale, part gift.
If you get property in a transfer that is partly a sale and partly a gift, your basis is the larger of the amount you paid for the property or the transferor's adjusted basis in the property at the time of the transfer. Add to that amount the amount of any gift tax paid on the gift, as described in the preceding discussion. For figuring loss, your basis is limited to the property's fair market value at the time of the transfer.
Gift tax information. For information on gift tax, see Pub. 559. For information on figuring the amount of gift tax to add to your basis, see Property Received as a Gift in Pub. 551.
Property Received as Inheritance
Before or after 2010. If you inherited property from a decedent who died before or after 2010, or who died in 2010 and the executor of the decedent's estate elected not to file Form 8939, Allocation of Increase in Basis for Property Acquired From a Decedent, your basis in that property generally is its fair market value (its appraised value on Form 706, United States Estate (and Generation-Skipping Transfer) Tax Return) on:
• The date of the decedent's death, or
• The later alternate valuation date if the estate qualifies for, and elects to use, alternate valuation.
If the estate filed Form 706 after July 31, 2015, you may receive an information statement from the estate showing the value of the inherited property.
If no Form 706 was filed, use the appraised value on the date of death for state inheritance or transmission taxes. For stocks and bonds, if no Form 706 was filed and there are no state inheritance or transmission taxes, see the Form 706 instructions for figuring the fair market value of the stocks and bonds on the date of the decedent's death.
Appreciated property you gave the decedent. Your basis in certain appreciated property that you inherited is the decedent's adjusted basis in the property immediately before death rather than its fair market value. This applies to appreciated property that you or your spouse gave the decedent as a gift during the 1-year period ending on the date of death. Appreciated property is any property whose fair market value on the day you gave it to the decedent was more than its adjusted basis.
More information. See Pub. 551 for more information on the basis of inherited property, including community property, property held by a surviving tenant in a joint tenancy or tenancy by the entirety, a qualified joint interest, and a farm or closely held business.
Inherited in 2010 and executor elected to file Form 8939. If you inherited property from a decedent who died in 2010 and the executor made the election to file Form 8939, see Pub. 4895, Tax Treatment of Property Acquired From a Decedent Dying in 2010, to figure your basis. Pub. 4895 is available at http://www.irs.gov/publications/p4895.
Adjusted Basis
Before you can figure any gain or loss on a sale, exchange, or other disposition of property or figure allowable depreciation, depletion, or amortization, you usually must make certain adjustments (increases and decreases) to the basis of the property. The result of these adjustments to the basis is the adjusted basis.
Adjustments to the basis of stocks and bonds are explained in the following discussion. For information about other adjustments to basis, see Pub. 551.
Stocks and Bonds
The basis of stocks or bonds you own generally is the purchase price plus the costs of purchase, such as commissions and recording or transfer fees. If you acquired stock or bonds other than by purchase, your basis is usually determined by fair market value or the previous owner's adjusted basis as discussed earlier under Basis Other Than Cost.
The basis of stock must be adjusted for certain events that occur after purchase. For example, if you receive more stock from nontaxable stock dividends or stock splits, you must reduce the basis of your original stock. You must also reduce your basis when you receive nondividend distributions (discussed in chapter 1). These distributions, up to the amount of your basis, are a nontaxable return of capital.
TIP: The IRS partners with companies that offer Form 8949 and Schedule D (Form 1040) software that can import trades from many brokerage firms and accounting software to help you keep track of your adjusted basis in securities. To find out more, go to http://www.irs.gov/Filing/Filing-Options.
Identifying stock or bonds sold. If you can adequately identify the shares of stock or the bonds you sold, their basis is the cost or other basis of the particular shares of stock or bonds.
Adequate identification. You will make an adequate identification if you show that certificates representing shares of stock from a lot that you bought on a certain date or for a certain price were delivered to your broker or other agent.
Broker holds stock. If you have left the stock certificates with your broker or other agent, you will make an adequate identification if you:
• Tell your broker or other agent the particular stock to be sold or transferred at the time of the sale or transfer, and
• Receive a written confirmation of this from your broker or other agent within a reasonable time.
Stock identified this way is the stock sold or transferred even if stock certificates from a different lot are delivered to the broker or other agent.
Single stock certificate. If you bought stock in different lots at different times and you hold a single stock certificate for this stock, you will make an adequate identification if you:
• Tell your broker or other agent the particular stock to be sold or transferred when you deliver the certificate to your broker or other agent, and
• Receive a written confirmation of this from your broker or other agent within a reasonable time.
If you sell part of the stock represented by a single certificate directly to the buyer instead of through a broker, you will make an adequate identification if you keep a written record of the particular stock that you intend to sell.
Bonds. These methods of identification also apply to bonds sold or transferred.
Identification not possible. If you buy and sell securities at various times in varying quantities and you cannot adequately identify the shares you sell, the basis of the securities you sell is the basis of the securities you acquired first. Except for certain mutual fund shares, discussed later, you cannot use the average price per share to figure gain or loss on the sale of the shares.
Example. You bought 100 shares of stock of XYZ Corporation in 2000 for $10 a share. In January 2001 you bought another 200 shares for $11 a share. In July 2001 you gave your son 50 shares. In December 2003 you bought 100 shares for $9 a share. In April 2015 you sold 130 shares. You cannot identify the shares you disposed of, so you must use the stock you acquired first to figure the basis. The shares of stock you gave your son had a basis of $500 (50 × $10). You figure the basis of the 130 shares of stock you sold in 2015 as follows:
50 shares (50 × $10) balance of stock
bought in 2000 $500
80 shares (80 × $11) stock bought in
January 2001 880
------
Total basis of stock sold in 2015
$1,380
======
Shares in a mutual fund or REIT.
The basis of shares in a mutual fund (or other regulated investment company) or a real estate investment trust (REIT) is generally figured in the same way as the basis of other stock and usually includes any commissions or load charges paid for the purchase.
Example. You bought 100 shares of Fund A for $10 a share. You paid a $50 commission to the broker for the purchase. Your cost basis for each share is $10.50 ($1,050 ÷ 100).
Commissions and load charges. The fees and charges you pay to acquire or redeem shares of a mutual fund are not deductible. You can usually add acquisition fees and charges to your cost of the shares and thereby increase your basis. A fee paid to redeem the shares is usually a reduction in the redemption price (sales price).
You cannot add your entire acquisition fee or load charge to the cost of the mutual fund shares acquired if all of the following conditions apply.
1. You get a reinvestment right because of the purchase of the shares or the payment of the fee or charge.
2. You dispose of the shares within 90 days of the purchase date.
3. You acquire new shares in the same mutual fund or another mutual fund, for which the fee or charge is reduced or waived because of the reinvestment right you got when you acquired the original shares.
The amount of the original fee or charge in excess of the reduction in (3) is added to the cost of the original shares. The rest of the original fee or charge is added to the cost basis of the new shares (unless all three conditions above also apply to the purchase of the new shares).
Choosing average basis for mutual fund shares. You can choose to use the average basis of mutual fund shares if you acquired the identical shares at various times and prices, or you acquired the shares after 2011 in connection with a dividend reinvestment plan, and left them on deposit in an account kept by a custodian or agent. The methods you can use to figure average basis are explained later.
Undistributed capital gains. If you had to include in your income any undistributed capital gains of the mutual fund or REIT, increase your basis in the stock by the difference between the amount you included and the amount of tax paid for you by the fund or REIT. See Undistributed capital gains of mutual funds and REITs in chapter 1.
Reinvestment right. This is the right to acquire mutual fund shares in the same or another mutual fund without paying a fee or load charge, or by paying a reduced fee or load charge.
The original cost basis of mutual fund shares you acquire by reinvesting your distributions is the amount of the distributions used to purchase each full or fractional share. This rule applies even if the distribution is an exempt-interest dividend that you do not report as income.
RECORDS: Table 4-1. This is a worksheet you can use to keep track of the adjusted basis of your mutual fund shares. Enter the cost per share when you acquire new shares and any adjustments to their basis when the adjustment occurs. This worksheet will help you figure the adjusted basis when you sell or redeem shares.
Table 4-1. Mutual Fund Record
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Acquired
1
Sold or redeemed
------------------- -----------------
Number Cost Adjustment Adjusted
2
Number
Mutual of Per to Basis Basis Per of
Fund Date Shares Share Per Share Share Date Shares
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1
Include share received from reinvestment of distributions.
2
Cost plus or minus adjustments.
======================================================================
Automatic investment service.
If you participate in an automatic investment service, your basis for each share of stock, including fractional shares, bought by the bank or other agent is the purchase price plus a share of the broker's commission.
Dividend reinvestment plans. If you participate in a dividend reinvestment plan and receive stock from the corporation at a discount, your basis is the full fair market value of the stock on the dividend payment date. You must include the amount of the discount in your income.
Public utilities. If, before 1986, you excluded from income the value of stock you had received under a qualified public utility reinvestment plan, your basis in that stock is zero.
Stock dividends. Stock dividends are distributions made by a corporation of its own stock. Generally, stock dividends are not taxable to you. However, see Distributions of Stock and Stock Rights in chapter 1 for some exceptions. If the stock dividends are not taxable, you must divide your basis for the old stock between the old and new stock.
New and old stock identical. If the new stock you received as a nontaxable dividend is identical to the old stock on which the dividend was declared, divide the adjusted basis of the old stock by the number of shares of old and new stock. The result is your basis for each share of stock.
Example 1. You owned one share of common stock that you bought for $45. The corporation distributed two new shares of common stock for each share held. You then had three shares of common stock. Your basis in each share is $15 ($45 ÷ 3).
Example 2. You owned two shares of common stock. You bought one for $30 and the other for $45. The corporation distributed two new shares of common stock for each share held. You had six shares after the distribution--three with a basis of $10 each ($30 ÷ 3) and three with a basis of $15 each ($45 ÷ 3).
New and old stock not identical. If the new stock you received as a nontaxable dividend is not identical to the old stock on which it was declared, the basis of the new stock is calculated differently. Divide the adjusted basis of the old stock between the old and the new stock in the ratio of the fair market value of each lot of stock to the total fair market value of both lots on the date of distribution of the new stock.
Example. You bought a share of common stock for $100. Later, the corporation distributed a share of preferred stock for each share of common stock held. At the date of distribution, your common stock had a fair market value of $150 and the preferred stock had a fair market value of $50. You figure the basis of the old and new stock by dividing your $100 basis between them. The basis of your common stock is $75 (($150 ÷ $200) × $100), and the basis of the new preferred stock is $25 (($50 ÷ $200) × $100).
Stock bought at various times. Figure the basis of stock dividends received on stock you bought at various times and at different prices by allocating to each lot of stock the share of the stock dividends due to it.
Taxable stock dividends. If your stock dividend is taxable when you receive it, the basis of your new stock is its fair market value on the date of distribution. The basis of your old stock does not change.
Stock splits. Figure the basis of stock splits in the same way as stock dividends if identical stock is distributed on the stock held.
Stock rights. A stock right is a right to acquire a corporation's stock. It may be exercised, it may be sold if it has a market value, or it may expire. Stock rights are rarely taxable when you receive them. See Distributions of Stock and Stock Rights in chapter 1.
Taxable stock rights. If you receive stock rights that are taxable, the basis of the rights is their fair market value at the time of distribution. The basis of the old stock does not change.
Nontaxable stock rights. If you receive nontaxable stock rights and allow them to expire, they have no basis.
If you exercise or sell the nontaxable stock rights and if, at the time of distribution, the stock rights had a fair market value of 15% or more of the fair market value of the old stock, you must divide the adjusted basis of the old stock between the old stock and the stock rights. Use a ratio of the fair market value of each to the total fair market value of both at the time of distribution.
If the fair market value of the stock rights was less than 15%, their basis is zero. However, you can choose to divide the basis of the old stock between the old stock and the stock rights. To make the choice, attach a statement to your return for the year in which you received the rights, stating that you choose to divide the basis of the stock.
Basis of new stock. If you exercise the stock rights, the basis of the new stock is its cost plus the basis of the stock rights exercised.
Example. You own 100 shares of ABC Company stock, which cost you $22 per share. The ABC Company gave you 10 nontaxable stock rights that would allow you to buy 10 more shares at $26 per share. At the time the stock rights were distributed, the stock had a market value of $30, not including the stock rights. Each stock right had a market value of $3. The market value of the stock rights was less than 15% of the market value of the stock, but you chose to divide the basis of your stock between the stock and the rights. You figure the basis of the rights and the basis of the old stock as follows:
100 shares × $22 = $2,200, basis of old stock
100 shares × $30 = $3,000, market value of old stock
10 rights × $3 = $30, market value of rights
($3,000 ÷ $3,030) × $2,200 = $2,178.22, new basis of old stock
($30 ÷ $3,030) × $2,200 = $21.78, basis of rights
If you sell the rights, the basis for figuring gain or loss is $2.18 ($21.78 ÷ 10) per right. If you exercise the rights, the basis of the stock you acquire is the price you pay ($26) plus the basis of the right exercised ($2.18), or $28.18 per share. The remaining basis of the old stock is $21.78 per share.
Investment property received in liquidation. In general, if you receive investment property as a distribution in partial or complete liquidation of a corporation and if you recognize gain or loss when you acquire the property, your basis in the property is its fair market value at the time of the distribution.
S corporation stock. You must increase your basis in stock of an S corporation by your pro rata share of the following items.
• All income items of the S corporation, including tax-exempt income, that are separately stated and passed through to you as a shareholder.
• The nonseparately stated income of the S corporation.
• The amount of the deduction for depletion (other than oil and gas depletion) that is more than the basis of the property being depleted.
You must decrease your basis in stock of an S corporation by your pro rata share of the following items.
• Distributions by the S corporation that were not included in your income.
• All loss and deduction items of the S corporation that are separately stated and passed through to you.
• Any nonseparately stated loss of the S corporation.
• Any expense of the S corporation that is not deductible in figuring its taxable income and not properly chargeable to a capital account.
• The amount of your deduction for depletion of oil and gas wells to the extent the deduction is not more than your share of the adjusted basis of the wells.
However, your basis in the stock cannot be reduced below zero.
Specialized small business investment company stock or partnership interest. If you bought this stock or interest as replacement property for publicly traded securities you sold at a gain, you must reduce the basis of the stock or interest by the amount of any postponed gain on that sale. See Rollover of Gain From Publicly Traded Securities, later.
Qualified small business stock. If you bought this stock as replacement property for other qualified small business stock you sold at a gain, you must reduce the basis of this replacement stock by the amount of any postponed gain on the earlier sale. See Gains on Qualified Small Business Stock, later.
Short sales. If you cannot deduct payments you make to a lender in lieu of dividends on stock used in a short sale, the amount you pay to the lender is a capital expense, and you must add it to the basis of the stock used to close the short sale.
See Payments in lieu of dividends, later, for information about deducting payments in lieu of dividends.
Premiums on bonds. If you buy a bond at a premium, the premium is treated as part of your basis in the bond. If you choose to amortize the premium paid on a taxable bond, you must reduce the basis of the bond by the amortized part of the premium each year over the life of the bond.
Although you cannot deduct the premium on a tax-exempt bond, you must amortize it to determine your adjusted basis in the bond. You must reduce the basis of the bond by the premium you amortized for the period you held the bond. A new box 13 has been added to Form 1099-INT to report bond premium on tax-exempt bonds. For a tax-exempt covered security acquired at a premium, box 13 shows the amount of bond premium amortization allocable to the interest paid during the tax year. If a net amount of interest appears in box 8 or 9, whichever is applicable, box 13 should be blank.
See Bond Premium Amortization in chapter 3 for more information.
Market discount on bonds. If you include market discount on a bond in income currently, increase the basis of your bond by the amount of market discount you include in your income. See Market Discount Bonds in chapter 1 for more information.
Bonds purchased at par value. A bond purchased at par value (face amount) has no premium or discount. When you sell or otherwise dispose of the bond, you figure the gain or loss by comparing the bond proceeds to the purchase price of the bond.
Example. You purchased a bond several years ago for its par value of $10,000. You sold the bond this year for $10,100. You have a gain of $100. However, if you had sold the bond for $9,900, you would have a loss of $100.
Acquisition discount on short-term obligations. If you include acquisition discount on a short-term obligation in your income currently, increase the basis of the obligation by the amount of acquisition discount you include in your income. See Discount on Short-Term Obligations in chapter 1 for more information.
Original issue discount (OID) on debt instruments. Increase the basis of a debt instrument by the OID you include in your income. See Original Issue Discount (OID) in chapter 1.
Discounted tax-exempt obligations. OID on tax-exempt obligations is generally not taxable. However, when you dispose of a tax-exempt obligation issued after September 3, 1982, that you acquired after March 1, 1984, you must accrue OID on the obligation to determine its adjusted basis. The accrued OID is added to the basis of the obligation to determine your gain or loss.
For information on determining OID on a long-term obligation, see Debt Instruments Issued After July 1, 1982, and Before 1985 or Debt Instruments Issued After 1984, whichever applies, in Pub. 1212 under Figuring OID on Long-Term Debt Instruments.
If the tax-exempt obligation has a maturity of 1 year or less, accrue OID under the rules for acquisition discount on short-term obligations. See Discount on Short-Term Obligations in chapter 1.
Stripped tax-exempt obligation. If you acquired a stripped tax-exempt bond or coupon after October 22, 1986, you must accrue OID on it to determine its adjusted basis when you dispose of it. For stripped tax-exempt bonds or coupons acquired after June 10, 1987, part of this OID may be taxable. You accrue the OID on these obligations in the manner described in chapter 1 under Stripped Bonds and Coupons.
Increase your basis in the stripped tax-exempt bond or coupon by the taxable and nontaxable accrued OID. Also increase your basis by the interest that accrued (but was not paid and was not previously reflected in your basis) before the date you sold the bond or coupon. In addition, for bonds acquired after June 10, 1987, add to your basis any accrued market discount not previously reflected in basis.
How To Figure Gain or Loss
You figure gain or loss on a sale or trade of property by comparing the amount you realize with the adjusted basis of the property.
Gain. If the amount you realize from a sale or trade is more than the adjusted basis of the property you transfer, the difference is a gain.
Loss. If the adjusted basis of the property you transfer is more than the amount you realize, the difference is a loss.
Amount realized. The amount you realize from a sale or trade of property is everything you receive for the property minus your expenses of sale (such as redemption fees, sales commissions, sales charges, or exit fees). Amount realized includes the money you receive plus the fair market value of any property or services you receive.
If you finance the buyer's purchase of your property and the debt instrument does not provide for adequate stated interest, the unstated interest that you must report as ordinary income will reduce the amount realized from the sale. For more information, see Pub. 537.
If a buyer of property issues a debt instrument to the seller of the property, the amount realized is determined by reference to the issue price of the debt instrument, which may or may not be the fair market value of the debt instrument. See Regulations section • Specific share identification. • First-in first-out (FIFO).