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CRS Updates Tax Extenders Report

NOV. 6, 2014

R43124

DATED NOV. 6, 2014
DOCUMENT ATTRIBUTES
Citations: R43124

 

Molly F. Sherlock

 

Specialist in Public Finance

 

 

November 6, 2014

 

 

Congressional Research Service

 

7-5700

 

www.crs.gov

 

R43124

 

 

Summary

Dozens of temporary tax provisions expired at the end of 2013, and several other temporary tax provisions are scheduled to expire at the end of 2014. Most of the provisions that expired at the end of 2013 have been part of past temporary tax extension legislation. Most recently, many temporary tax provisions were extended as part of the American Taxpayer Relief Act (ATRA; P.L. 112-240). Collectively, temporary tax provisions that are regularly extended by Congress -- often for one to two years -- rather than being allowed to expire as scheduled are often referred to as "tax extenders."

The 113th Congress has considered legislation that would extend selected expired or expiring tax provisions. The Expiring Provisions Improvement Reform and Efficiency (EXPIRE) Act (S. 2260), which would extend most expired and soon-to-expire tax provisions through 2015, was reported by the Senate Finance Committee on April 28, 2014. The act subsequently became an amendment to H.R. 3474 which did not advance in the Senate, as a motion to end debate on H.R. 3474 was voted down on May 15, 2014. In contrast to the Senate, the House has voted to permanently extend certain expired tax provisions as part of the Jobs for America Act (H.R. 4), which passed the House on September 18, 2014. Several expired charitable-related provisions would be made permanent as part of the America Gives More Act of 2014 (H.R. 4719), which passed the House on July 17, 2014.

The President's FY2015 Budget identifies several expiring provisions that should be permanently extended (and in some cases substantially modified), including the research and experimentation (R&D) tax credit, enhanced expensing for small businesses, the renewable energy production tax credit (PTC), and the new markets tax credit (NMTC). Several other expired provisions would be temporarily extended. The President's FY2015 Budget also assumes that the American Opportunity Tax Credit (AOTC), the earned income tax credit (EITC) expansions, and the child tax credit (CTC) expansions, that were extended through 2017 as part of ARTA, are made permanent.

There are several reasons why Congress may choose to enact tax provisions on a temporary basis. Enacting provisions on a temporary basis provides legislators with an opportunity to evaluate the effectiveness of tax policies prior to expiration or extension. Temporary tax provisions may also be used to provide temporary economic stimulus or disaster relief. Congress may also choose to enact tax provisions on a temporary rather than permanent basis due to budgetary considerations, as the foregone revenue from a temporary provision will generally be less than if it was permanent.

The provisions that expired at the end of 2013 are diverse in purpose, including provisions for individuals, businesses, the charitable sector, energy, community assistance, and disaster relief. Among the individual provisions that expired are deductions for teachers' out-of-pocket expenses, state and local sales taxes, qualified tuition and related expenses, and mortgage insurance premiums. On the business side, under current law, the R&D tax credit, the WOTC, the active financing exceptions under Subpart F, and increased expensing and bonus depreciation allowances will not be available for taxpayers after 2013. Expired charitable provisions include the enhanced deduction for contributions of food inventory and provisions allowing for tax-free distributions from retirement accounts for charitable purposes. The renewable energy production tax credit (PTC) expired at the end of 2013, along with a number of other incentives for energy efficiency and renewable and alternative fuels. The new markets tax credit, a community assistance program, also expired at the end of 2013.

                               Contents

 

 

 Introduction

 

 

 The Concept of "Tax Extenders"

 

 

      Evaluating Expiring Tax Provisions

 

 

           Reasons for Temporary Tax Provisions

 

 

           Extenders as Tax Benefits

 

 

      The Cost of Extending Expired and Expiring Tax Provisions

 

 

 Tax Provisions Expired at the End of 2013

 

 

      Individual

 

 

      Business

 

 

      Charitable

 

 

      Energy

 

 

      Community Development

 

 

      Disaster Relief

 

 

 Tax Provisions Expiring in 2014

 

 

 Tax Extenders Legislation in the 113th Congress

 

 

 Tax Extenders in the 112th Congress

 

 

 Tables

 

 

 Table 1. The Cost of Extending Expiring Provisions

 

 

 Table 2. Tax Provisions that Expired at the End of 2013

 

 

 Table 3. House Legislation to Permanently Extend Expired Tax

 

          Provisions

 

 

 Table 4. Temporary Tax Provisions & "Tax Extenders" Which Expired in

 

          2011 & 2012

 

 

 Contacts

 

 

 Author Contact Information.

 

 

Introduction

Dozens of temporary tax provisions expired at the end of 2013, and several other temporary tax provisions are scheduled to expire at the end of 2014. The American Taxpayer Relief Act (ATRA; 112-240), signed into law on January 2, 2013, reduced tax policy uncertainty by permanently extending most of the tax cuts first enacted in 2001 and 2003 and permanently indexing the alternative minimum tax (AMT) for inflation.1 ATRA, however, did not eliminate uncertainty in the tax code. Under ATRA, a number of provisions that had been allowed to expire at the end of 2011 or 2012 were temporarily extended through 2013.2 Thus, under current law, these provisions expired at the end of 2013.3

Collectively, temporary tax provisions that are regularly extended by Congress rather than being allowed to expire as scheduled are often referred to as "tax extenders." Many of these "tax extender" provisions have been temporarily extended multiple times. The research tax credit, for example, has been extended 15 times since being enacted in 1981. Most of the temporary tax provisions that expired at the end of 2013 were previously extended more than once.

The 113th Congress has considered legislation that would extend selected expired or expiring tax provisions. The Expiring Provisions Improvement Reform and Efficiency (EXPIRE) Act (S. 2260), which would extend most expired and soon-to-expire tax provisions through 2015, was reported by the Senate Finance Committee on April 28, 2014. The act subsequently became an amendment to H.R. 3474 which did not advance in the Senate, as a motion to end debate on H.R. 3474 was voted down on May 15, 2014. In contrast to the Senate, the House has voted to permanently extend certain expired tax provisions as part of the Jobs for America Act (H.R. 4), which passed the House on September 18, 2014. Several expired charitable-related provisions would be made permanent as part of the America Gives More Act of 2014 (H.R. 4719), which passed the House on July 17, 2014. Chairman Camp supports addressing extenders as part of broader tax reform. His proposed Tax Reform Act of 2014 would make certain provisions permanent, such as the research and experimentation (R&D) tax credit and increased expensing under Section 179.4

The President's FY2015 Budget proposal would permanently extend or modify certain expired provisions, while temporarily extending others. Proposals that would be permanently extended (and in some cases modified) include (1) the enhanced deduction for conservation easements; (2) increased expensing under Section 179; (3) the exclusion for qualified small business stock; (4) the new markets tax credit (NMTC); (5) the renewable electricity production tax credit (PTC); (6) the deduction for energy-efficient commercial property; (7) the research and experimentation (R&D) tax credit; and (8) the Work Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC). Proposals that would be temporarily extended include (1) the exclusion for cancellation of home mortgage debt (through 2016); (2) the tax credit for cellulosic biofuel (through 2024); and (3) the tax credit for energy-efficient new homes (through 2024). The President's FY2015 Budget also assumes that the American opportunity tax credit (AOTC), the earned income tax credit (EITC) expansions, and the child tax credit (CTC) expansions, that were extended through 2017 as part of ARTA, are made permanent.

Allowing temporary tax provisions to expire at the end of 2013 does not necessarily mean that these tax provisions will not be available to taxpayers in 2014. In recent years, Congress has chosen to retroactively extend expired tax provisions. Under ATRA, for example, a number of tax provisions that had been allowed to expire at the end of 2011 were retroactively extended through 2013.

This report provides a broad overview of the tax extenders. Additional information on specific extender provisions may be found in other CRS reports, including the following:

  • CRS Report R43510, Selected Recently Expired Business Tax Provisions ("Tax Extenders"), by Jane G. Gravelle, Donald J. Marples, and Molly F. Sherlock

  • CRS Report R43688, Selected Recently Expired Individual Tax Provisions ("Extenders"): In Brief, by Jane G. Gravelle

  • CRS Report R43517, Recently Expired Charitable Tax Provisions ("Tax Extenders"): In Brief, by Jane G. Gravelle and Molly F. Sherlock

  • CRS Report R43541, Recently Expired Community Assistance Related Tax Provisions ("Tax Extenders"): In Brief, by Sean Lowry

  • CRS Report R43449, Recently Expired Housing Related Tax Provisions ("Tax Extenders"): In Brief, by Mark P. Keightley

 

The Concept of "Tax Extenders"

The tax code presently contains dozens of temporary tax provisions. In the past, legislation to extend some set of these expiring provisions has been referred to by some as the "tax extender" package. While there is no formal definition of a "tax extender," the term has regularly been used to refer to the package of expiring tax provisions temporarily extended by Congress. Oftentimes, these expiring provisions are temporarily extended for a short period of time (e.g., one or two years). Over time, as new temporary provisions have been routinely extended and hence added to this package, the number of provisions that might be considered "tax extenders" has grown.5

Evaluating Expiring Tax Provisions

There are various reasons Congress may choose to enact temporary (as opposed to permanent) tax provisions. Enacting provisions on a temporary basis, in theory, would provide Congress with an opportunity to evaluate the effectiveness of specific provisions before providing further extension. Temporary tax provisions may also be used to provide relief during times of economic weakness or following a natural disaster. Congress may also choose to enact temporary provisions for budgetary reasons. Examining the reason why a certain provision is temporary rather than permanent may be part of evaluating whether a provision should be extended.

Reasons for Temporary Tax Provisions

There are several reasons why Congress may choose to enact tax provisions on a temporary basis. Enacting provisions on a temporary basis provides an opportunity to evaluate effectiveness before expiration or extension. However, this rationale for enacting temporary tax provisions is undermined if expiring provisions are regularly extended without systematic review, as is the case in practice. In 2012 testimony before the Senate Committee on Finance, Dr. Rosanne Altshuler noted that

 

an expiration date can be seen as a mechanism to force policymakers to consider the costs and benefits of the special tax treatment and possible changes to increase the effectiveness of the policy. This reasoning is compelling in theory, but has been an absolute failure in practice as no real systematic review ever occurs. Instead of subjecting each provision to careful analysis of whether its benefits outweigh its costs, the extenders are traditionally considered and passed in their entirety as a package of unrelated temporary tax benefits.6

 

Several temporary tax provisions that had previously been extended a number of times were allowed to expire during the 112th Congress (see the "Tax Extenders in the 112th Congress" section below). Arguably, certain incentives were not extended as it was determined that their benefit did not exceed the cost. For example, tax incentives for alcohol fuels (e.g., ethanol), which can be traced back to policies first enacted in 1978, were not extended beyond 2011. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) had previously found that with the renewable fuel standard (RFS) mandate, tax credits for ethanol were duplicative and did not increase consumption.7

Tax policy may also be used to address temporary circumstances in the form of economic stimulus or disaster relief, for example. Economic stimulus measures might include bonus depreciation or generous expensing allowances.8 Various tax policies have also been enacted to provide relief following natural disasters.9 Recent examples of other temporary provisions that have been enacted to address special economic circumstances include the exclusion of mortgage forgiveness from taxable income during the recent housing crisis,10 the payroll tax cut,11 and the Section 1603 grants in lieu of tax credits to compensate for weak tax-equity markets during the economic downturn.12 It has been argued that provisions that were enacted to address a temporary situation should be allowed to expire once the situation is resolved.13

Congress may also choose to enact tax policies on a temporary basis for budgetary reasons. If policy makers decide that legislation that reduces revenues must be paid for, it is easier to find resources to offset short-term extensions rather than long-term or permanent extensions.14 Additionally, by definition the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) assumes under the current law baseline that temporary tax cuts expire as scheduled. Thus, the current law baseline does not assume that temporary tax provisions are regularly extended. Hence, if temporary expiring tax provisions are routinely extended in practice, the CBO current law baseline would tend to overstate projected revenues, making the long-term revenue outlook stronger. Thus, by making tax provisions temporary rather than permanent, these provisions have a smaller effect on the long-term fiscal outlook.15

Extenders as Tax Benefits16

Temporary tax benefits are a form of federal subsidy that treats eligible activities favorably compared to others, and channels economic resources into qualified uses. Extenders influence how economic actors behave and how the economy's resources are employed. Like all tax benefits, economic theory suggests every extender can be evaluated by looking at the impact on economic efficiency, equity, and simplicity.17 Temporary tax provisions may be efficient and effective in accomplishing their intended purpose, though not equitable. Alternatively, an extender may be equitable but not efficient. Policy makers may have to choose the economic objectives that matter most.

Economic Efficiency

Extenders often provide subsidies to encourage more of an activity than would otherwise be undertaken. According to economic theory, in most cases an economy best satisfies the wants and needs of its participants if markets allocate resources free of distortions from taxes and other factors. Market failures, however, may occur in some instances, and economic efficiency may actually be improved by tax distortions.18 Thus, the ability of extenders to improve economic welfare depends in part on whether or not the extender is remedying a market failure. According to theory, a tax extender reduces economic efficiency if it is not addressing a specific market failure.

An extender is also considered relatively effective if it stimulates the desired activity better than a direct subsidy. Direct spending programs, however, can often be more successful at targeting resources than indirect subsidies made through the tax system such as tax extenders.19

Equity

A tax is considered to be fair when it contributes to a socially desirable distribution of the tax burden. Tax benefits such as the extenders can result in individuals with similar incomes and expenses paying differing amounts of tax, depending on whether they engage in tax-subsidized activities. This differential treatment is a deviation from the standard of horizontal equity, which requires that people in equal positions should be treated equally.

Another component of fairness in taxation is vertical equity, which requires that tax burdens be distributed fairly among people with different abilities to pay. Most extenders are considered inequitable because they benefit those who have a greater ability to pay taxes. Those individuals with relatively less income and thus a reduced ability to pay taxes may not have the same opportunity to benefit from extenders as those with higher income. The disproportionate benefit of tax expenditures to individuals with higher incomes reduces the progressivity of the tax system, which is often viewed as a reduction in equity.

An example of the effect a tax benefit can have on vertical equity is illustrated by two teachers who have both incurred $250 in classroom-related expenses and are eligible to claim the above-the-line deduction for expenses. Yet the tax benefit to the two differs if they are in different tax brackets. A teacher with lower income, who may be in the 15% income tax bracket, receives a deduction with a value of $37.50, while another teacher, in the 33% bracket, receives a deduction value of $82.50. Thus, the higher-income taxpayer, with presumably greater ability to pay taxes, receives a greater benefit than the lower-income taxpayer.

Simplicity

Extenders contribute to the complexity of the tax code and raise the cost of administering the tax system. Those costs, which can be difficult to isolate and measure, are rarely included in the cost-benefit analysis of temporary tax provisions. In addition to making the tax code more difficult for the government to administer, complexity also increases costs imposed on individual taxpayers. With complex incentives, individuals devote more time to tax preparation and are more likely to hire paid preparers.

The Cost of Extending Expired and Expiring Tax Provisions

The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) provides estimated costs of extending all tax provisions scheduled to expire before 2024 (see Table 1).20 CBO's estimates can be viewed as the cost of a long-term extension. The cost of a short-term extension, as proposed in the EXPIRE Act, is presented in Table 2 below. The cost of permanent extension of certain provisions as passed by the House can be found in Table 3 below. According to CBO's estimates, over the 2014 to 2024 budget window,

  • extending all expiring tax provisions would cost $963.4 billion;

  • extending temporary provisions that expired in 2013 would cost $762.1 billion;

  • extending bonus depreciation would cost $296.4 billion;21 and

  • extending expansions to the child tax credit, the earned income tax credit, and the American Opportunity Tax Credit currently scheduled to expire at the end of 2017 would cost $165.4 billion.

 

This cost of extending "all other expiring provisions" includes the extension of all provisions scheduled to expire in 2013 (see Table 1 and the associated discussion below) as well as those scheduled to expire in years between 2013 and 2024. However, most of the cost of extension (79%) is associated with provisions that expired at the end of 2013.

Since tax extender provisions are assumed to expire as scheduled by CBO, their extension -- even if expected by policy makers -- is not included in CBO's current law revenue baseline. As a result, CBO's revenue projections are higher than actual revenue levels that are likely to occur. Consequently, projected budget deficits under the current law baseline are smaller than actual deficits that are likely to occur.

The President's FY2015 budget uses a baseline that assumes that the American Opportunity Tax Credit (AOTC), expansions to the earned income tax credit (EITC), and child tax credit (CTC) are made permanent. The baseline in the President's FY2015 budget, which assumes certain policies are extended, collects less revenue than CBO's current law baseline.

The cost of providing a short-term extension, as proposed in the EXPIRE Act (discussed below), is less than the cost of extending expiring provisions through the budget window, as is done by CBO for the purposes of constructing the alternative fiscal scenario baseline. CBO scores, some might argue, provide a more accurate measure of the budget impact of temporary tax provisions. The JCT scores reflect the budget impact of the temporary extension relative to current law.

               Table 1.The Cost of Extending Expiring Provisions

 

                             (billions of dollars)

 

 ______________________________________________________________________________

 

 

                                        2014   2015   2016   2017   2018   2019

 

 ______________________________________________________________________________

 

 

 Extend all Tax Provisions that         50.8   91.6   82.4   77.0   70.6   64.3

 

 Expired in 2013

 

 

 Extend Temporary ARRA Provisionsa                                   2.4   27.5

 

 

 Extend all Other Tax Provisions                0.0    0.5    1.3    3.9    4.0

 

 Expiring After 2013

 

 

 Totalb                                 50.8   91.6   82.9   78.3   76.9   95.8

 

 ______________________________________________________________________________

 

 

                               [table continued]

 

 ______________________________________________________________________________

 

 

                                    2020  2021  2022   2023   2024  2014 - 2024

 

 ______________________________________________________________________________

 

 

 Extend all Tax Provisions that     61.5  61.2  63.7   68.0   71.0     762.1

 

 Expired in 2013

 

 

 Extend Temporary ARRA Provisionsa  27.3  27.3  27.2   26.9   26.8     165.4

 

 

 Extend all Other Tax Provisions     4.3   4.9   5.2    5.6    6.1      35.9

 

 Expiring After 2013

 

 

 Totalb                             93.2  93.3  96.1  100.6  103.9     963.4

 

 ______________________________________________________________________________

 

 

 Source: Additional data provided with the Congressional Budget Office,

 

 The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2014 to 2024, Washington, DC, February

 

 4, 2014, http://www.cbo.gov/publication/45010

 

 

                              FOOTNOTES TO TABLE 1

 

 

      a Provisions are currently scheduled to expire on December 31, 2017.

 

 Includes a lower earned income threshold for the refundable portion of the

 

 child tax credit, expansions to the earned income tax credit (EITC), and the

 

 American Opportunity Tax Credit (AOTC).

 

 

      b This line includes the cost of extending all provisions scheduled to

 

 expire between 2013 and 2024.

 

END OF FOOTNOTES TO TABLE 1

 

 

If expiring provisions are temporarily extended, the 10-year revenue cost may be less than the cost in year 2015, as many of the expired provisions are tax deferrals, or timing provisions. Bonus depreciation is one example of a timing provision, where the short-term cost of extension is greater than the long-term or budget window cost. Extending 50% bonus depreciation would reduce revenues by $73.6 billion in 2015, while the cost over the 10-year budget window is $2.9 billion.

Tax Provisions Expired at the End of 2013

Dozens of temporary tax provisions expired at the end of 2013 (see Table 2). Many of these provisions have been extended as part of previous "tax extender" legislation. For the purposes of this report, expiring provisions have been classified as belonging to one of six categories: individual, business, charitable, energy, community development, or disaster relief. The following sections provide additional details on expiring provisions within each category. Table 2 also notes which provisions would be extended by the EXPIRE Act. Table 2 also includes the 10-year (or budget window) cost of the extension through 2015, as proposed in the EXPIRE Act.

Individual22

All but one of the individual provisions that expired at the end of 2013 have been extended at least once. The longest-standing individual provision that has previously been extended is the above-the-line deduction for classroom expenses incurred by school teachers. This provision was first enacted on a temporary basis in 2002 and has regularly been included in tax extender packages. Other individual provisions that have been extended more than once include the deduction for state and local sales taxes,23 the above-the-line deduction for tuition and related expenses,24 the deduction for mortgage insurance premiums,25 and the parity for the exclusion of employer-provided mass transit and parking benefits.26

The one provision that has not been extended in the past, the health coverage tax credit, was first enacted without an expiration date as part of the Trade Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-240). A January 1, 2014, termination date was enacted as part of an act to extend the Generalized System of Preferences in 2011 (P.L. 112-40).27 Although the health care coverage credit would not have been extended as part of the chairman's mark of the EXPIRE Act, a two-year extension was agreed to during the April 3, 2014, Senate Finance Committee markup.

            Table 2.Tax Provisions that Expired at the End of 2013

 

              (extensions in previous "tax extenders" legislation)

 

 ______________________________________________________________________________

 

 

                          EXPIRE Act

 

                       _______________

 

 

                               10-Year           Extending Legislation

 

                               Cost    ________________________________________

 

                               Esti-

 

                               mate    P.L.  P.L.  P.L.  P.L.  P.L.  P.L.  P.L.

 

                       Ex-     (bil-   112-  111-  110-  109-  108-  107-  106-

 

                       tends?  lions)  240   312   343   432   311   147   170

 

 ______________________________________________________________________________

 

 

 Individual Provisions

 

 

 Above-the-Line De-

 

 duction for Certain

 

 Expenses of

 

 Elementary and Secon-

 

 dary School Teachers     Y     $0.4     X     X     X     X     X

 

 

 Deduction for State

 

 and Local Sales Taxes    Y     $6.5     X     X     X     X

 

 

 Above-the-Line Deduc-

 

 tion for Qualified

 

 Tuition and Related

 

 Expenses                 Y     $0.6     X     X     X     X

 

 

 Premiums for Mortgage

 

 Insurance Deductible

 

 as Qualified

 

 Interest                 Y     $1.9     X     X     a

 

 

 Parity for Exclusion

 

 for Employer-Provided

 

 Mass Transit and

 

 Parking Benefits         Y     $0.2     X     X

 

 

 Exclusion of Discharge

 

 of Principal Residence

 

 Indebtedness from

 

 Gross Income for

 

 Individuals              Y     $5.4     X           Xb

 

 

 Credit for Health

 

 Insurance Costs of

 

 Eligible Individuals     Y     $0.1

 

 

 Business Provisions

 

 

 Tax Credit for

 

 Research and

 

 Experimentation

 

 Expenses                 Y     $16.0    X     X     X     X    X     d     X

 

 

 Temporary Increase in

 

 Limit on Cover Over

 

 of Rum Excise Tax

 

 Revenues to Puerto

 

 Rico and the Virgin

 

 Islands                  Y     $0.3     X     X     X     X    X     X     X

 

 

 Work Opportunity Tax

 

 Credit                   Y     $3.2     Xf    X     g     X    X     X     X

 

 

 Indian Employment Tax

 

 Credit                   Y     $0.1     X     X     X     X    X     X

 

 

 Accelerated Deprecia-

 

 tion for Business

 

 Property on Indian

 

 Reservations             Y     $0.2     X     X     X     X    X     X

 

 

 Exceptions under

 

 Subpart F for Active

 

 Financing Income         Y    $10.4     X     X     X     h    h     X     X

 

 

 Look-Through Treat-

 

 ment of Payments

 

 Between Controlled

 

 Foreign Corporations

 

 under the Foreign

 

 Personal Holding Com-

 

 pany Rules               Y     $2.5     X     X     X

 

 

 Credit for Railroad

 

 Track Maintenance        Y     $0.4     X     X     X

 

 

 15-Year Straight-Line

 

 Cost Recovery for

 

 Qualified Leasehold,

 

 Restaurant, and

 

 Retail Improvements      Y     $4.8     X     X     X

 

 

 7-Year Recovery for

 

 Motorsport Racing

 

 Facilities               Y     $0.1     X     X     X

 

 

 Deduction Allowable

 

 with Respect to

 

 Income Attributable

 

 to Domestic

 

 Production Activities

 

 in Puerto Rico           Y     $0.2     X     X     X

 

 

 Modification of Tax

 

 Treatment of Certain

 

 Payments to Control-

 

 ling Exempt Organi-

 

 zations                  Y      -i-     X     X     X

 

 

 Treatment of Certain

 

 Dividends of Regulated

 

 Investment Companies     Y     $0.2     X     X     X

 

 

 RIC Qualified Invest-

 

 ment Entity Treatment

 

 under FIRPTA             Y     $0.1     X     X     X

 

 

 Employer Wage Credit

 

 for Activated Military

 

 Reservists               Y     $0.3     X     X

 

 

 Special Expensing

 

 Rules for Film and

 

 Television Production    Y     -i-      X     X

 

 

 Special Rules for

 

 Qualified Small

 

 Business Stock           Y     $1.9     X     X

 

 

 Increase in

 

 Expensing to $500,000/

 

 $2,000,000 and Expan-

 

 sion of Definition of

 

 Section 179 Property     Y     $3.2     X     k

 

 

 Bonus Depreciationl      Y     $2.9     X     X     l                l     l

 

 

 Reduction in S

 

 Corporation

 

 Recognition Period

 

 for Built-In Gains

 

 Tax                      Y     $0.2     X

 

 

 Election to Accele-

 

 rate AMT Credits

 

 in Lieu of Addition-

 

 al First-Year

 

 Depreciation             Y     $0.6     X

 

 

 Low-Income Housing

 

 Tax Credit (LIHTC)

 

 Rate                     Y     -i-      Xm

 

 

 Treatment of Military

 

 Basic Housing

 

 Allowances under

 

 Low-Income Housing

 

 Creditn                  Y     -i-      X

 

 

 Three-Year Deprecia-

 

 tion for Race Horses

 

 Two Years or Youngero    Y     -i-

 

 

 Charitable Provisions

 

 

 Enhanced Charitable

 

 Deduction for

 

 Contributions of

 

 Food Inventory           Y     $0.3     X     X     X     p

 

 

 Tax-Free Distribu-

 

 tions From Individual

 

 Retirement Accounts

 

 for Charitable

 

 Purposes                 Y     $1.8     X     X     X

 

 

 Basis Adjustment to

 

 Stock of S Corpora-

 

 tions Making Charit-

 

 able Contributions

 

 of Property              Y     $0.1     X     X     X

 

 

 Special Rules for

 

 Contributions of

 

 Capital Gain Real

 

 Property for Conser-

 

 vation Purposes          Y     $0.3     X     X     q

 

 

 Energy Provisions

 

 

 Construction Date for

 

 Eligible Facilities

 

 (Including Wind) to

 

 Claim the Production

 

 Tax Credit (PTC) or

 

 the Investment Tax

 

 Credit (ITC) in Lieu

 

 of the PTCr              Y    $13.3     X     s     t     s    t     t     t

 

 

 Special Rule to

 

 Implement Electric

 

 Transmission Res-

 

 tructuring               Y       --     X     X     X     u

 

 

 Credit for Construc-

 

 tion of Energy

 

 Efficient New Homes      Y     $0.6     X     X     X     X

 

 

 Energy Efficient

 

 Commercial Building

 

 Deduction                Y     $0.3                 Xw    X

 

 

 Mine Rescue Team

 

 Training Credit          Y     -i-      X     X     X

 

 

 Election to Expense

 

 Mine-Safety Equipment    Y       --     X     X     X

 

 

 Credit for Energy

 

 Efficient Appliances                    X     X     X

 

 

 Credit for Non-

 

 business Energy

 

 Property                 Y     $1.6     X     Xy    X

 

 

 Alternative Fuel

 

 Vehicle Refueling

 

 Property                 Y     $0.1     X     X     X

 

 

 Incentives for

 

 Alternative Fuel

 

 and Alternative

 

 Fuel Mixtures            Y     $0.9     X     X     X

 

 

 Incentives for

 

 Biodiesel and

 

 Renewable Dieselz        Y     $2.6     X     X     X

 

 

 Placed-in-Service

 

 Date for Partial

 

 Expensing of Certain

 

 Refinery Propertyaa                                 Xaa

 

 

 Credit for Electric

 

 Drive Motorcycles

 

 and Three-Wheeled

 

 Vehicles                Ybb    -i-      X

 

 

 Second Generation

 

 (Cellulosic) Biofuel

 

 Producer Credit          Y     $0.1     X

 

 

 Credit for Production

 

 of Indian Coal           Y     $0.1     X

 

 

 Special Depreciation

 

 Allowance for Second

 

 Generation (Cellulo-

 

 sic) Biofuel Plant

 

 Propertycc               Y     -i-      X

 

 

 Community Assistance Provisions

 

 

 Qualified Zone

 

 Academy Bonds --

 

 Allocation of Bond

 

 Limitation               Y     $0.3     X     X     X     X    X     X     X

 

 

 New Markets Tax Credit   Y     $1.8     X     X     X     X

 

 

 American Samoa Econo-

 

 mic Development Credit   Y     -i-      X     X     X     X

 

 

 Empowerment Zone

 

 Tax Incentivesdd         Y     $0.5c    X     X

 

 

 Disaster Relief Provisions

 

 

 New York Liberty Zone

 

 -- Tax Exempt Bond

 

 Financing                               X     X                Xee

 

 

 Replacement Period for

 

 Nonrecognition of Gain

 

 for Areas Damaged by

 

 2008 Midwestern Storms

 

 ______________________________________________________________________________

 

 

 Source: CRS analysis of extending legislation and Joint Committee on

 

 Taxation, Estimated Budget Effects of an Amendment in the Nature of a

 

 Substitute to H.R. 3474, the "Expiring Provisions Improvement, Reform, and

 

 Efficiency ('EXPIRE') Act of 2014," Scheduled for Consideration by the Senate,

 

 113th Cong., May 15, 2014, JCX-51-14.

 

 

 Notes: An "-i-" indicates an estimated revenue loss of less than $50

 

 million between 2014 and 2024. For additional information on specific

 

 provisions, see U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on the Budget, Tax

 

 Expenditures: Compendium of Background Material on Individual Provisions,

 

 committee print, prepared by Congressional Research Service, 112th

 

 Cong., 2nd sess., December 2012.

 

 

                              FOOTNOTES TO TABLE 2

 

 

      a This provision was extended as part of the Mortgage Forgiveness Debt

 

 Relief Act of 2007 (P.L. 110-142).

 

 

      b This provision was enacted as part of P.L. 110-142 and extended through

 

 2012 in P.L. 110-343.

 

 

      c An extension of this provision was agreed to during the April 3, 2014,

 

 Open Executive Session to consider the EXPIRE Act.

 

 

      d The Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act of 1999 (P.L.

 

 106-170) extended the research credit through June 30, 2004. The credit was

 

 next extended by the Working Families Tax Relief Act of 2004 (P.L. 108-311).

 

 

      e This EXPIRE Act would modify the credit to include the long-term

 

 unemployed.

 

 

      f The expiration date of the Work Opportunity Tax Credit for qualified

 

 veterans was extended through December 31, 2012, as part of P.L. 112-56. Under

 

 P.L. 112-240 the expiration date was extended through December 31, 2013, for

 

 all eligible employees.

 

 

      g The Work Opportunity Tax Credit was extended through August 31, 2011,

 

 as part of the U.S. Troop Readiness, Veterans' Care, Katrina Recovery, and

 

 Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act of 2008 (P.L. 110-28).

 

 

      h The exceptions under Subpart F for active financing income were

 

 extended for five years as part of the Job Creation and Worker Assistance Act

 

 of 2002 (P.L. 107-147) and for two years by the Tax Increase Prevention and

 

 Reconciliation Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-222).

 

 

      i The EXPIRE Act would expand the credit percentage from 20% to 100% of

 

 up to $20,000 in differential pay.

 

 

      j The EXPIRE Act would extend the definition of Section 179 property to

 

 include computer software and certain leasehold improvement, restaurant, and

 

 retail improvement property, while also indexing the phase-out threshold for

 

 inflation.

 

 

      k The Small Business Jobs Act of 2010 (P.L. 111-240) set the maximum

 

 amount a taxpayer can expense at $500,000, with the phaseout threshold raised

 

 to $2 million, for tax years 2010 and 2011. The Tax Relief Act of 2010 set the

 

 expensing limit at $125,000 for 2012, with a phaseout threshold of $500,000.

 

 For background on Section 179 expensing, see CRS Report RL31852, Section

 

 179 and Bonus Depreciation Expensing Allowances: Current Law, Legislative

 

 Proposals in the 113th Congress, and Economic Effects, by Gary

 

 Guenther.

 

 

      l Under ATRA, 50% bonus depreciation was extended for one year. The Job

 

 Creation and Worker Assistance Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-147) created the initial

 

 bonus depreciation allowance of 30%. The allowance was increased to 50% and

 

 extended as part of the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003

 

 (JGTRRA; P.L. 108-27). Under the Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 (P.L. 110-185)

 

 bonus depreciation was reinstated at 50%. Bonus depreciation was again

 

 extended as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA; P.L.

 

 111-5), the Small Business Jobs Act (P.L. 111-240), and the Tax Relief,

 

 Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 (P.L.

 

 111-312). For more on the history of this provision, see CRS Report RL31852,

 

 Section 179 and Bonus Depreciation Expensing Allowances: Current Law,

 

 Legislative Proposals in the 113th Congress, and Economic

 

 Effects, by Gary Guenther.

 

 

      m The Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 (HERA, P.L. 110-289)

 

 temporarily changed the LIHTC rate to not less than 9% for new construction

 

 placed in service before December 31, 2013. The American Taxpayer Relief Act

 

 of 2012 (ATRA, P.L. 112-240) extended the 9% floor for credit allocations made

 

 before January 1, 2014.

 

 

      n This provision was enacted as part of the Housing and Economic Recovery

 

 Act of 2008 (P.L. 110-289).

 

 

      o This provision was enacted as part of the Heartland, Habitat, Harvest,

 

 and Horticulture Act of 2008 (P.L. 110-246).

 

 

      p This provision was extended as part of the Pension Protection Act of

 

 2006 (P.L. 109-280).

 

 

      q This provision was extended for two years, from 2007 through 2009, as

 

 part of the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (P.L. 110-234).

 

 

      r As part of ATRA, the expiration date for the renewable energy

 

 production tax credit (PTC) was modified such that facilities that were under

 

 construction but not yet placed in service by the end of 2013 would qualify.

 

 The option to claim the ITC in lieu of the PTC was not available prior to

 

 2009.

 

 

      s The renewable energy PTC placed-in-service deadline was extended as

 

 part of the EPACT05 and as part of ARRA.

 

 

      t Prior to 2013, the renewable energy PTC expiration was a placed-in-

 

 service deadline. Historically, this placed-in-service deadline has been

 

 regularly extended as part of tax extenders legislation.

 

 

      u This provision was extended as part of the Energy Policy Act of 2005

 

 (EPACT05; P.L. 109-58).

 

 

      v The provision would be modified to allow tribal governments and non-

 

 profits to designate property designers as credit recipients. Efficiency

 

 standards would also be modified.

 

 

      w This provision was extended for five years, through 2013, in P.L. 110-

 

 343.

 

 

      x This provision would be modified to certain roof and roof products and

 

 to revise efficiency standards for other qualifying property.

 

 

      y This provision was extended at a reduced rate of 10%, with the maximum

 

 credit reduced to $500. During 2009 and 2010, a 30% credit of up to $1,500 had

 

 been available.

 

 

      z Tax incentives for biodiesel were introduced as part of the American

 

 Jobs Creation Act of 2004 (AJCA; P.L. 108-357).

 

 

      aa This provision was enacted as part of EPACT05. P.L. 110-343 extended

 

 the placed in service deadline for two years, through the end of 2013. To

 

 qualify for this incentive, a binding construction contract must have been in

 

 place by January 1, 2010.

 

 

      bb The provision would be modified such that three-wheeled vehicles would

 

 no longer qualify.

 

 

      cc In addition to extending this provision through 2013, ATRA expanded

 

 the definition of qualified cellulosic biofuel production to include algae-

 

 based fuels.

 

 

      dd Empowerment zone tax incentives include (1) designation of an

 

 empowerment zone; (2) increased exclusion of gain; (3) empowerment zone tax-

 

 exempt bonds; (4) empowerment zone employment credits; (5) increased expensing

 

 under IRC Section 179; (6) nonrecognition of gain on rollover of empowerment

 

 zone investments.

 

 

      ee This provision was extended through 2010 in P.L. 108-311.

 

END OF FOOTNOTES TO TABLE 2

 

 

Business28

All but one of the business provisions that expired at the end of 2013 have been extended at least once.29 Most of the business provisions scheduled for expiration in 2013 have been extended more than once. Long-standing provisions that are scheduled for expiration include the research tax credit,30 the rum excise tax cover-over,31 the Work Opportunity Tax Credit,32 and the active financing exception under Subpart F.33 Bonus depreciation and enhanced expensing allowances, which are often viewed as economic stimulus measures, are also scheduled to expire at the end of 2013.34

The April 1, 2014, chairman's mark of the EXPIRE Act proposed extending most of the expired business provisions. The three provisions that were not included in the April 1, 2014, proposal -- the look-through treatment of payments between controlled foreign corporations, the seven-year amortization for motorsports racing facilities, and the special expensing rules for film and television production -- were included in the modification release on April 3, 2014. All of the business-related provisions listed in Table 2 would be extended in the EXPIRE Act as reported by the Senate Finance Committee.35 The House has also voted to make permanent several business-related extenders (see "Tax Extenders Legislation in the 113th Congress" below).

Charitable36

The four charitable provisions that expired at the end of 2013 have previously been extended multiple times. Provisions providing an enhanced deduction for non-corporate businesses donating food inventory were first enacted in response to Hurricane Katrina in 2005.37 The remaining charitable provisions set to expire were first enacted as part of the Pension Protection Act of 2006 (P.L. 109-280).38 The April 1, 2014, chairman's mark of the EXPIRE Act would extend three of the four charitable provisions that expired at the end of 2013. The April 3, 2014, modification proposed extending the special rule for contributions of capital gain real property for conservation purposes. All four charitable provisions would be extended through 2015 in the EXPIRE Act as reported by the Senate Finance Committee. The House has also voted on July 17, 2014, to make permanent the four charitable-related extenders (see "Tax Extenders Legislation in the 113th Congress" below).

Energy39

The longest-standing energy-related provision that expired at the end of 2013 is the renewable energy production tax credit (PTC).40 This provision was first enacted in 1992.41 Several of the temporary energy-related tax provisions that are scheduled to expire at the end of 2011 were first enacted as part of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPACT05; P.L. 109-58). These include the credit for construction of energy efficient new homes, the credit for energy efficient appliances, the deduction for energy-efficient commercial buildings, and the credit for nonbusiness energy property (also known as the tax credit for energy efficiency improvements for existing homes).42 Certain tax incentives for alternative technology vehicles and alternative fuel vehicle refueling property were also first included in EPACT05.

Six energy-related provisions were excluded from the April 1, 2014, chairman's mark of the EXPIRE Act, although three of these provisions were included in the modification released on April 3, 2014, and one other included in the version of the EXPIRE Act that was reported by the Senate Finance Committee. The three provisions that had been excluded from the chairman's mark but were added in the modification are the PTC and the provisions for residential and commercial energy efficiency. The special rule related to the reporting of income from electric transmission restructurings was included in the EXPIRE Act as reported by the Senate Finance Committee. Energy-related provisions that would not be extended include tax credits for manufacturers of energy-efficient appliances and the placed in service date for partial expensing of certain refinery property.

Community Development43

All four of the community development provisions that expired at the end of 2013 have been extended more than once. Qualified zone academy bonds (QZABs) are tax credit bonds available to state and local governments for elementary and secondary school renovation, equipment, teacher training, and course materials. QZABs were first made available in 1998.44 The New Markets Tax Credit (NMTC), designed to promote investment in low-income and impoverished communities, was first enacted in 2000.45 Tax incentives designed to encourage economic activity in the American Samoa and empowerment zones46 are also scheduled to expire at the end of 2013. The chairman's mark of the EXPIRE Act included extensions of the provisions related to QZABs, the NMTC, and the American Samoa economic development credit. The EXPIRE Act, as reported by the Senate Committee on Finance, included an extension of the empowerment zone tax incentives as well as modifications to the NMTC to allow unused allocations to be used for a manufacturing communities tax credit.

Disaster Relief

Disaster relief tax provisions that expired at the end of 2013 are those that provide tax-exempt bond financing authority for facilities in the New York Liberty Zone and provisions related to nonrecognition of gain for areas damaged by the 2008 Midwestern storms.47 Several other temporary disaster relief provisions have been allowed to expire in recent years.48 Neither of the disaster relief provisions that expired in 2013 are included in the EXPIRE Act.

Tax Provisions Expiring in 2014

In addition to the provisions that expired at the end of 2013, six tax provisions are scheduled to expire at the end of 2014. Three of these provisions are energy-related: (1) incentives for alternative fuels and alternative fuel mixtures involving liquefied hydrogen; (2) the credit for fuel cell motor vehicles; and (3) the credit for hydrogen alternative fuel refueling property. The other tax provisions expiring in 2014 are the automatic amortization extension for multiemployer defined benefits plans; the additional funding rules for multiemployer defined pension plans in endangered or critical status; and the deemed approval of adoption, use, or cessation of shortfall funding method for multiemployer defined benefits plans.49

The EXPIRE Act would extend the energy-related provisions expiring at the end of 2014 as well as the expiring provisions relating to multiemployer defined benefit pension plans through the end of 2015.

Tax Extenders Legislation in the 113th Congress

As discussed above, the Senate's extenders bill, the Expiring Provisions Improvement Reform and Efficiency (EXPIRE) Act (S. 2260), would extend most expiring provisions through 2015. The EXPIRE Act would cost an estimated $84.9 billion over the 2014 through 2024 budget window.50 Of this cost, $87.4 billion is for the two-year extension of tax provisions that expired in 2013. Extending tax provisions that expire in 2014 would cost $0.1 billion. Other revenue provisions would raise $3.4 billion, while the Hire More Heroes Act of 2014 (H.R. 3474) would cost $0.7 billion.51

The House has taken a different approach to tax extenders, instead considering legislation that would make permanent certain expired provisions (see Table 3). The House has passed legislation that would make nine of the expired provisions listed in Table 2 permanent. Taken together, permanently extending these nine provisions would reduce revenues by an estimated $511.4 billion over the 10-year budget window. Six of these nine provisions were included in the Jobs for America Act (H.R. 4).52 Three other charitable-related provisions were passed as part of the America Gives More Act of 2014 (H.R. 4719). The Committee on Ways and Means has reported legislation that would make two additional international-related extender provisions permanent, although this legislation has yet to be considered by the full House.

Some of the legislation proposed in the House would not only extend expired provisions, but would also make policy changes. For example, the House-passed modification and permanent extension of the research credit (H.R. 4429 and H.R. 4) would provide a permanent credit equal to 20% of a taxpayer's qualified research expenditures (QREs) in the current tax year above 50% of average annual QREs in the previous three tax years, 20% of its basic research payments in the current tax year above 50% of average annual basic research payments in the three previous tax years, and 20% of the amounts paid or incurred by the taxpayer in the current tax year for qualified energy research conducted by an energy research consortium.53 The House-passed proposals to make the increased expensing allowances permanent under Section 179 would index the limits for inflation, starting in 2015.54 The House-passed proposals to permanently extend 50% bonus depreciation would expand the list of eligible property to include qualified leasehold and retail improvement property, in addition to other changes.55

 

Table 3. House Legislation to Permanently Extend

 

Expired Tax Provisions

 

113th Congress

 

_____________________________________________________________________

 

 

Passed in the House

 

_____________________________________________________________________

 

 

Provision

 

Enhanced Charitable Deduction for Contributions of Food Inventory

 

Legislation

 

America Gives More Act of 2014 (H.R. 4719)

 

Cost of Extension (billions of dollars)

 

$1.9
_____________________________________________________________________

 

 

Provision

 

Special Rules for Contributions of Capital Gain Real Property for Conservation Purposes

 

Legislation

 

America Gives More Act of 2014 (H.R. 4719)

 

Cost of Extension (billions of dollars)

 

$1.2
_____________________________________________________________________

 

 

Provision

 

Tax-Free Distributions From Individual Retirement Accounts for Charitable Purposes

 

Legislation

 

America Gives More Act of 2014 (H.R. 4719)

 

Cost of Extension (billions of dollars)

 

$8.4
_____________________________________________________________________

 

 

Provision

 

Tax Credit for Research and Experimentation Expenses

 

Legislation

 

American Research and Competitiveness Act of 2014 (H.R. 4438) and Jobs for America Act (H.R. 4)

 

Cost of Extension (billions of dollars)

 

$155.5
_____________________________________________________________________

 

 

Provision

 

Increase in Expensing to $500,000/$2,000,000 and Expansion of Definition of Section 179 Property

 

Legislation

 

America's Small Business Tax Relief Act of 2014 (H.R. 4457) and Jobs for America Act (H.R. 4)

 

Cost of Extension (billions of dollars)

 

$73.1
_____________________________________________________________________

 

 

Provision

 

Reduction in S Corporation Recognition Period for Built-In Gains Tax

 

Legislation

 

S Corporation Permanent Tax Relief Act of 2014 (H.R. 4453) and Jobs for America Act (H.R. 4)

 

Cost of Extension (billions of dollars)

 

$1.5
_____________________________________________________________________

 

 

Provision

 

Basis Adjustment to Stock of S Corporations Making Charitable Contributions of Property

 

Legislation

 

S Corporation Permanent Tax Relief Act of 2014 (H.R. 4453) and Jobs for America Act (H.R. 4)

 

Cost of Extension (billions of dollars)

 

$0.7
_____________________________________________________________________

 

 

Provision

 

Bonus Depreciation

 

Legislation

 

H.R. 4718, to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to modify and make permanent bonus depreciation and Jobs for America Act (H.R. 4)

 

Cost of Extension (billions of dollars)

 

$244.7a
_____________________________________________________________________

 

 

Provision

 

Election to Accelerate AMT Credits in Lieu of Additional First-Year Depreciation

 

Legislation

 

H.R. 4718, to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to modify and make permanent bonus depreciation and Jobs for America Act (H.R. 4)

 

Cost of Extension (billions of dollars)

 

$24.5
_____________________________________________________________________

 

 

Reported by the Committee on Ways and Means

 

_____________________________________________________________________

 

 

Provision

 

Exceptions under Subpart F for Active Financing Income

 

Legislation

 

Permanent Active Financing Exception Act of 2014 (H.R. 4429)

 

Cost of Extension (billions of dollars)

 

$58.8
_____________________________________________________________________

 

 

Provision

 

Look-Through Treatment of Payments Between Controlled Foreign Corporations under the Foreign Personal Holding Company Rules

 

Legislation

 

Permanent CFC Look-Through Act of 2014 (H.R. 4464)

 

Cost of Extension (billions of dollars)

 

$20.3
_____________________________________________________________________

 

 

Source: Joint Committee on Taxation revenue estimates for the legislation listed in the table can be found at: https://www.jct.gov/publications.html.

Notes: The cost of extension is the estimated revenue loss in the most recent proposal considered by the House.

 

FOOTNOTE TO TABLE 3

 

 

a The estimated cost of making bonus depreciation permanent, as proposed in H.R. 4718, was $262.9 billion over the 2014 through 2024 budget window. The lower revenue cost estimate in H.R. 4 is likely due to interaction effects with other provisions that would be extended in H.R. 4, specifically the increased expensing allowances under Section 179. Thus, absent these other provisions, the cost of bonus depreciation would likely be greater.

 

END OF FOOTNOTE TO TABLE 3

 

 

Tax Extenders in the 112th Congress

The American Taxpayer Relief Act (ATRA; P.L. 112-240) extended dozens of temporary tax provisions that had expired or were scheduled to expire at the end of 2012 (see Table 4). Many of these provisions were extended retroactively, as they had been allowed to expire at the end of 2011. The 10-year budgetary cost of extending temporary expiring provisions under ATRA was an estimated $73.6 billion.56 The largest of these provisions, in terms of revenue cost, were the credit for research and experimentation expenses ($14.3 billion), the extension and modification of the wind production tax credit (PTC) ($12.2 billion),57 and the exception under Subpart F for active financing income ($11.2 billion). Information on the cost of extending specific provisions can be found in Table 4.

Several provisions that might have been considered "traditional extenders" -- that is, they had been extended multiple times in the past -- were not extended under ATRA. Two charitable provisions, the enhanced deduction for donations of computer equipment, and the enhanced deduction for book inventory to schools, which were first enacted in 1997 and 2005 respectively, were allowed to expire. Other energy-related provisions, including the suspension of the 100%-of-net-income limitation on percentage depletion for oil and gas from marginal wells, first enacted in 1997, and the production tax credit (PTC) for refined coal, first enacted in 2004, were also allowed to expire. Tax incentives for ethanol, which were first enacted in 1978,58 were also not extended in ATRA, nor were provisions first enacted in 1997 that allowed for expensing of "brownfield" environmental remediation costs. The estate tax look-through rule for regulated investment company (RIC) stock, first enacted in 2004, was also not extended.

A number of other provisions were allowed to expire at the end of 2012. Some of these provisions, such as the Section 1603 grants in lieu of tax credits program59 and 100% bonus depreciation,60 might have been classified as having been temporary stimulus measures. Among the other provisions that were allowed to expire were a number of disaster relief measures, including Gulf Opportunity (GO) Zone provisions and tax provisions related to the 2008 Midwestern Storms and Hurricane Ike.61

                Table 4.Temporary Tax Provisions & "Tax Extenders"

 

                           Which Expired in 2011 & 2012

 

                          (dollar amounts in billions)

 

 ______________________________________________________________________________

 

 

                                                   Extend by   10-Year Cost

 

                                                   ATRA        Estimate of

 

                                                   (through    ATRA

 

                                                   Dec. 31,    Extension

 

 Provision                           Expired       2013)       2013-2022*

 

 ______________________________________________________________________________

 

 

 Individual Provisions

 

 

 Above-the-Line Deduction for

 

 Certain Expenses of Elementary

 

 and Secondary School Teachers        2011           YES           $0.4

 

 

 Deduction for State and Local

 

 Sales Taxes                          2011           YES           $5.5

 

 

 Above-the-Line Deduction for

 

 Qualified Tuition and Related

 

 Expenses                             2011           YES           $1.7

 

 

 Estate Tax Look-Through for

 

 Certain Regulated Investment

 

 Company (RIC) Stock Held by

 

 Nonresidents                         2011           NO              na

 

 

 Premiums for Mortgage

 

 Insurance Deductible as

 

 Qualified Interest                   2011           YES           $1.3

 

 

 Parity for Exclusion for

 

 Employer-Provided Mass

 

 Transit and Parking Benefits         2011           YES           $0.2

 

 

 Disclosure of Prisoner Return

 

 Information to Certain Prison

 

 Officials                            2011           YESa           -i-

 

 

 Treatment of Military Basic

 

 Housing Allowance under

 

 Low-Income Housing Credit            2011           YES            -i-

 

 

 Expansion of Adoption Credit

 

 and Adoption Assistance

 

 Programsb                            2011           NO              na

 

 

 Refunds Disregarded in the

 

 Administration of Federal

 

 Programs and Federally

 

 Assisted Programs                    2012           YES              c

 

 

 Credit for Prior Year Minimum

 

 Tax Liability Made Refundable

 

 After Period of Years                2012           NO              na

 

 

 Exclusion of Discharge of

 

 Principal Residence

 

 Indebtedness from Gross

 

 Income for Individuals               2012           YES           $1.3

 

 

 Business Provisions

 

 

 Tax Credit for Research

 

 and Experimentation Expenses         2011           YES          $14.3

 

 

 Temporary Increase in Limit

 

 on Cover-Over of Rum Excise

 

 Tax Revenues to Puerto Rico

 

 and the Virgin Islands               2011           YES           $0.2

 

 

 Expensing of "Brownfield"

 

 Environmental Remediation Costs      2011           NO              na

 

 

 Work Opportunity Tax Credit          2011           YES           $1.8

 

 

 Indian Employment Tax Credit         2011           YES           $0.1

 

 

 Accelerated Depreciation for

 

 Business Property on Indian

 

 Reservations                         2011           YES           $0.2

 

 

 Exceptions under Subpart F for

 

 Active Financing Income              2011           YES          $11.2

 

 

 Look-Through Treatment of Payments

 

 Between Controlled Foreign

 

 Corporations under the Foreign

 

 Personal Holding Company Rules       2011           YES           $1.5

 

 

 Credit for Railroad Track

 

 Maintenance                          2011           YES           $0.3

 

 

 15-Year Straight-Line Cost

 

 Recovery for Qualified Leasehold,

 

 Restaurant, and Retail

 

 Improvements                         2011           YES           $3.7

 

 

 7-Year Recovery for Motorsport

 

 Racing Facilities                    2011           YES           $0.1

 

 

 Deduction Allowable with Respect

 

 to Income Attributable to Domestic

 

 Production Activities in Puerto

 

 Rico                                 2011           YES           $0.4

 

 

 Modification of Tax Treatment of

 

 Certain Payments to Controlling

 

 Exempt Organizations                 2011           YES            -i-

 

 

 Treatment of Certain Dividends of

 

 Regulated Investment Companies

 

 ("RICs")                             2011           YES           $0.2

 

 

 Employer Wage Credit for Activated

 

 Military Reservists                  2011           YES            -i-

 

 

 Special Expensing Rules for Film

 

 and Television Production            2011           YES           $0.2

 

 

 RIC Qualified Investment Entity

 

 Treatment under FIRPTA               2011           YES            -i-

 

 

 Special Rules for Qualified Small

 

 Business Stock                       2011           YES           $1.0

 

 

 Additional First-Year Depreciation

 

 for 100% of Basis of Qualified

 

 Property                             2011           NO              na

 

 

 Increase in Section 179 Expensing

 

 to Amounts/Threshold to

 

 $500,000/$2,000,000                  2011           YES           $2.4

 

 

 Reduction in S Corporation

 

 Recognition for Built-In Gains Tax   2011           YES           $0.3

 

 

 Work Opportunity Tax Credit

 

 Targeted to Hiring Qualified

 

 Veterans                             2012           YES           $0.1

 

 

 Additional First-Year Depreciation

 

 for 50% of Basis of Qualified

 

 Property                             2012           YES           $4.7

 

 

 Election to Accelerate AMT Credits

 

 in Lieu of Additional First-Year

 

 Depreciation                         2012           YES           $0.3

 

 

 Charitable Provisions

 

 

 Enhanced Charitable Deduction for

 

 Corporate Contributions of

 

 Computer Equipment for Educational

 

 Purposes                             2011           NO              na

 

 

 Enhanced Charitable Deduction for

 

 Contributions of Food Inventory      2011           YES           $0.3

 

 

 Enhanced Charitable Deduction for

 

 Contributions of Book Inventory to

 

 Public Schools                       2011           NO              na

 

 

 Tax-Free Distributions from

 

 Individual Retirement Accounts for

 

 Charitable Purposes                  2011           YES           $1.3

 

 

 Basis Adjustment to Stock of S

 

 Corporations Making Charitable

 

 Contributions of Property            2011           YES           $0.2

 

 

 Special Rules for Contributions of

 

 Capital Gain Real Property for

 

 Conservation Purposes                2011           YES           $0.3

 

 

 Energy Provisions

 

 

 Suspensions of 100%-of-Net-Income

 

 Limitation on Percentage Depletion

 

 for Oil and Gas from Marginal

 

 Wells                                2011           NO              na

 

 

 Special Rule to Implement

 

 FERC or Electric Transmission

 

 Restructuring                        2011           YES             --

 

 

 Credit for Construction of Energy

 

 Efficient New Homes                  2011           YES           $0.2

 

 

 Placed-in-Service Date for Refined

 

 Coal Production Facilities           2011           NO              na

 

 

 Mine Rescue Team Training Credit     2011           YES            -i-

 

 

 Election to Expense Mine-Safety

 

 Equipment                            2011           YES             --

 

 

 Credit for Energy Efficient

 

 Appliances                           2011           YES           $0.7

 

 

 Credit for Nonbusiness Energy

 

 Property                             2011           YES           $2.5

 

 

 Alternative Fuel Vehicle Refueling

 

 Property                             2011           YES            -i-

 

 

 Incentives for Alternative Fuel

 

 and Alternative Fuel Mixtures        2011           YES           $0.4

 

 

 Incentives for Biodiesel and

 

 Renewable Diesel                     2011           YES           $2.2

 

 

 Incentives for Alcohol Fuels         2011           NO              na

 

 

 Grants for Specified Energy

 

 Property in Lieu of Tax Credits      2011           NO              na

 

 

 Credit for Electric Drive

 

 Motorcycles, Three-Wheeled, and

 

 Low-Speed Vehicles                   2011           YES            -i-

 

 

 Conversion Credit for Plug-In

 

 Electric Vehicles                    2011           NO              na

 

 

 Qualified Green Building and

 

 Sustainable Design Project Bonds     2012           NO              na

 

 

 Cellulosic Biofuel Producer Credit   2012           YES           $0.1d

 

 

 Construction Date for Eligible

 

 Facilities (Including Wind) to

 

 Claim the Electricity Production

 

 Credit                               2012           YES          $12.2e

 

 

 Credit for Production of

 

 Indian Coal                          2012           YES            -i-

 

 

 Election to Claim the Energy

 

 Credit in Lieu of the Electricity

 

 Production Credit                    2012           YES           $0.1

 

 

 Special Depreciation Allowance for

 

 Cellulosic Biofuel Plant Propertyf   2012           YES            -i-

 

 

 Community Assistance Provisions

 

 

 Qualified Zone Academy Bonds --

 

 Allocation of Bond Limitation        2011           YES           $0.2

 

 

 New Markets Tax Credit               2011           YES           $1.8

 

 

 American Samoa Economic

 

 Development Credit                   2011           YES           $0.1

 

 

 Tax Incentives for Investment in

 

 the District of Columbia ("DC")      2011           NO              na

 

 

 Empowerment Zone Tax Incentives      2011           YES           $0.5

 

 

 Disaster Relief Provisions

 

 

 New York Liberty Zone -- Tax Exempt

 

 Bond Financing                       2011           YES              g

 

 

 Tax-Exempt Bond Financing for the

 

 Gulf Opportunity (GO) Zone           2011           NO              na

 

 

 Low-Income Housing Credit

 

 Additional Credit for the GO Zone    2011           NO              na

 

 

 Placed-in-Service Date for

 

 Additional Depreciation for

 

 specified GO Zone Extension

 

 Property                             2011           NO              na

 

 

 Increase in Rehabilitation Credit

 

 for Structures Located in the GO

 

 Zone                                 2011           NO              na

 

 

 Increase in Rehabilitation Credit

 

 for Areas Damaged by the 2008

 

 Midwestern Storms                    2011           NO              na

 

 

 Tax-Exempt Bond Financing for

 

 Areas Damaged by the 2008

 

 Midwestern Storms                    2012           NO              na

 

 

 Tax-Exempt Bond Financing for

 

 Areas Damaged by Hurricane Ike in

 

 2008                                 2012           NO              na

 

 ______________________________________________________________________________

 

 

 Source: This table is modified from Table 3 in CRS Report R42894, An

 

 Overview of the Tax Provisions in the American Taxpayer Relief Act of

 

 2012, by Margot L. Crandall-Hollick. Sources from this table include

 

 Joint Committee on Taxation, List of Expiring Federal Tax Provisions,

 

 January 13, 2012, JCX-1-1, Joint Committee on Taxation, Estimated Revenue

 

 Effects of the Revenue Provisions Contained in an Amendment in the Nature of a

 

 Substitute to H.R. 8, the "American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012" as Passed by

 

 the Senate on January 1, 2013. January 1, 2013. JCX-1-13 and Table 2 in

 

 CRS Report R42485, An Overview of Tax Provisions Expiring in 2012, by

 

 Margot L. Crandall-Hollick.

 

 

 Notes: * Revenue changes associated with the short-term extension of

 

 certain provisions may occur in years after the provision has expired. To

 

 allow for comparison of the costs of these tax provisions the revenue losses

 

 which occur over a 10-year budgetary window are provided. For revenue losses

 

 for each fiscal year, see JCX-1-13. In addition to the provisions included in

 

 this table, ATRA also created a low income housing credit floor of 9%. JCT

 

 estimates this will reduce revenues by $8 million over the 10-year budgetary

 

 window of 2013-2022. ATRA also extended the housing allowance exclusions for

 

 determining median gross income for qualified residential rental project

 

 exempt facilities.

 

 

 "na" = revenue loss unavailable because the provision was not extended in P.L.

 

 112-240 " -- " = no revenue loss "-i-" = a 10-year revenue loss of less than

 

 $50 million

 

 

                              FOOTNOTES TO TABLE 4

 

 

      a This provision was permanently extended.

 

 

      b For more information, see CRS Report RL33633, Tax Benefits for

 

 Families: Adoption, by Noah P. Meyerson.

 

 

      c Estimates of S. 3521 indicate that the extension of this provision for

 

 one year (2013) would result in less than $10 million of revenue losses over a

 

 10-year period (2013-2022). A revenue loss estimate for the permanent

 

 extension of this provision as included in P.L. 112-240 is not available.

 

 

      d The maximum credit would be $1.01 per gallon and would apply to fuel

 

 from algae.

 

 

      e The placed in service date for the PTC for wind was scheduled to expire

 

 at the end of 2012, while the placed in service date for the PTC for other

 

 renewable technologies were generally scheduled to expire at the end of 2013.

 

 Before ATRA, extensions of the PTC extended the placed-in-service date for

 

 eligible properties. The extension of the PTC for wind included a provision

 

 that modified the expiration date for all renewable technologies (including

 

 wind) such that qualified facilities will be eligible for the PTC (or the

 

 investment tax credit in lieu of the production tax credit) if the

 

 construction -- as opposed to the placed in service date -- begins prior to

 

 the end of 2013.

 

 

      f Algae is considered a qualified feedstock for this tax provisions.

 

 

      g JCT estimates the extension of this provision has no revenue effect.

 

END OF FOOTNOTES TO TABLE 4

 

 

Author Contact Information

 

Molly F. Sherlock

 

Specialist in Public Finance

 

msherlock@crs.loc.gov, 7-7797

 

FOOTNOTES

 

 

1 For additional background, see CRS Report R42894, An Overview of the Tax Provisions in the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, by Margot L. Crandall-Hollick.

2 Provisions that had been allowed to expire at the end of 2011 were extended retroactively.

3 In addition to the "tax extenders" discussed in this report, several provisions first enacted as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA; P.L. 111-5) were temporarily extended in ATRA.

4 For background on expiring provisions that would be made permanent in the Tax Reform Act of 2014, see U.S. Congress, Joint Committee on Taxation, Description of Expiring Business-Related Tax Provisions Made Permanent or Extended under the "Tax Reform Act of 2014," a Discussion Draft of the Chairman of the House Committee on Ways and Means to Reform the Internal Revenue Code, committee print, 113th Cong., April 4, 2014, JCX-35-14, available at: https://www.jct.gov/publications.html?func=startdown&id=4581.

5 Several provisions that had been extended in previous "tax extender" packages were allowed to expire and not extended in 2012. For discussion, see the section "Tax Extenders in the 112th Congress" below.

6 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Finance, Extenders and Tax Reform: Seeking Long-Term Solutions, Testimony of Dr. Rosanne Altshuler, 112th Cong., January 31, 2012, available at http://www.finance.senate.gov/hearings/hearing/? id=b1604e2e-5056-a032-52ff-dd661f9280f6.

7 See U.S. Government Accountability Office, Biofuels: Potential Effects and Challenges of Required Increases in Production and Use, GAO-09-44, August 2009, http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09446.pdf and U.S. Government Accountability Office, Opportunities to Reduce Potential Duplication in Government Programs, Save Tax Dollars, and Enhance Revenue, GAO-11-318SP, March 2011, http://www.gao.gov/assets/320/315920.pdf.

8 For a discussion of bonus depreciation in the context of tax extenders, see CRS Report R43432, Bonus Depreciation: Economic and Budgetary Issues, by Jane G. Gravelle. For background on these policies, see CRS Report RL31852, Section 179 and Bonus Depreciation Expensing Allowances: Current Law, Legislative Proposals in the 113th Congress, and Economic Effects, by Gary Guenther.

9 For more information, see CRS Report R42839, Tax Provisions to Assist with Disaster Recovery, by Erika K. Lunder, Carol A. Pettit, and Jennifer Teefy.

10 For more information, see CRS Report RL34212, Analysis of the Tax Exclusion for Canceled Mortgage Debt Income, by Mark P. Keightley and Erika K. Lunder.

11 For more information, see CRS Report R42103, Extending the Temporary Payroll Tax Reduction: A Brief Description and Economic Analysis, by Donald J. Marples and Molly F. Sherlock.

12 For more information, see CRS Report R41635, ARRA Section 1603 Grants in Lieu of Tax Credits for Renewable Energy: Overview, Analysis, and Policy Options, by Phillip Brown and Molly F. Sherlock.

13 This point was made in U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Finance, Extenders and Tax Reform: Seeking Long-Term Solutions, Testimony of Dr. Rosanne Altshuler, 112th Cong., January 31, 2012, available at http://www.finance.senate.gov/hearings/hearing/?id=b1604e2e-5056-a032-52ff-dd661f9280f6 and U.S. Congress, House Committee on Ways and Means, Subcommittee on Select Revenue Measures, Framework for Evaluating Certain Expiring Tax Provisions, Testimony of Donald B. Marron, 112th Cong., June 8, 2012, available at http://waysandmeans.house.gov/uploadedfiles/marron.pdf.

14 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Ways and Means, Subcommittee on Select Revenue Measures, Framework for Evaluating Certain Expiring Tax Provisions, Testimony of Donald B. Marron, 112th Cong., June 8, 2012, available at http://waysandmeans.house.gov/uploadedfiles/marron.pdf.

15 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Finance, Extenders and Tax Reform: Seeking Long-Term Solutions, Testimony of Dr. Rosanne Altshuler, 112th Cong., January 31, 2012, available at http://www.finance.senate.gov/hearings/hearing/? id=b1604e2e-5056-a032-52ff-dd661f9280f6.

16 This section is adapted from archived CRS Report RL32367, Certain Temporary Tax Provisions that Expired in December 2009 ("Extenders"), by James M. Bickley.

17 Using these "criteria for good tax policy" to evaluate tax extenders was discussed in U.S. Congress, House Committee on Ways and Means, Subcommittee on Select Revenue Measures, Framework for Evaluating Certain Expiring Tax Provisions, Testimony of Dr. Jim White, 112th Cong., June 8, 2012, available at http://waysandmeans.house.gov/uploadedfiles/white.pdf.

18 Market failure occurs when the marginal benefit of an action does not equal the marginal cost. For example, polluting forms of energy production cause social costs that are not taken into account by the producer; hence, there is an argument for taxing this type of energy or, alternatively, subsidizing less polluting firms.

19 Stanley S. Surrey, "Tax Incentives as a Device for Implementing Government Policy: A Comparison with Direct Government Expenditures," Harvard Law Review, vol. 83, no. 4 (February 1970), pp. 705-738.

20 CBO provides this estimate to calculate their alternative fiscal scenario. CBO's baseline for spending and revenues assumes current law. Thus, revenue levels under CBO's baseline assume that all tax policies expire as scheduled. The alternative fiscal scenario assumes that current policies remain in place (i.e., expiring tax provisions are extended). The estimated revenues that would be raised from extending certain provisions might change depending on how provisions are stacked (i.e., interaction effects might cause revenue estimates for specific provisions to be higher or lower depending on what other provisions are also assumed to have been extended).

21 For more on bonus depreciation in the context of tax extenders, see CRS Report R43432, Bonus Depreciation: Economic and Budgetary Issues, by Jane G. Gravelle. The Joint Committee on Taxation recently estimated, in their cost estimate to the Jobs for America Act, that making bonus depreciation permanent would reduce revenues by $244.7 billion over the 2015 to 2024 budget window.

22 For more information, see CRS Report R43688, Selected Recently Expired Individual Tax Provisions ("Extenders"): In Brief, by Jane G. Gravelle.

23 For more information, see CRS Report RL32781, Federal Deductibility of State and Local Taxes, by Steven Maguire.

24 For more information, see CRS Report R41967, Higher Education Tax Benefits: Brief Overview and Budgetary Effects, by Margot L. Crandall-Hollick.

25 For general background on expired housing-related provisions, see CRS Report R43449, Recently Expired Housing Related Tax Provisions ("Tax Extenders"): In Brief, by Mark P. Keightley.

26 The EXPIRE Act, as voted reported by the Senate Finance Committee on April 3, 2014, would add bike sharing programs to the list of qualifying benefits.

27 For more information, see CRS Report RL32620, Health Coverage Tax Credit, by Bernadette Fernandez.

28 For more information, see CRS Report R43510, Selected Recently Expired Business Tax Provisions ("Tax Extenders"), by Jane G. Gravelle, Donald J. Marples, and Molly F. Sherlock.

29 The exception is a provision allowing certain race horses' three-year depreciation.

30 For more information, see CRS Report RL31181, Research Tax Credit: Current Law and Policy Issues for the 113th Congress, by Gary Guenther.

31 For more information, see CRS Report R41028, The Rum Excise Tax Cover-Over: Legislative History and Current Issues, by Steven Maguire.

32 For more information, see CRS Report RL30089, The Work Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC), by Christine Scott.

33 For more information, see CRS Report R41852, U.S. International Corporate Taxation: Basic Concepts and Policy Issues, by Mark P. Keightley.

34 For more information, see CRS Report RL31852, Section 179 and Bonus Depreciation Expensing Allowances: Current Law, Legislative Proposals in the 113th Congress, and Economic Effects, by Gary Guenther. For more on bonus depreciation in the context of tax extenders, see CRS Report R43432, Bonus Depreciation: Economic and Budgetary Issues, by Jane G. Gravelle.

35 The EXPIRE Act, as reported by the Senate Finance Committee, includes provisions that would expand the research credit to allow pass-through entities with no income tax liability to claim the credit against payroll tax liability and increase the Section 179 expensing limits and phase-out thresholds to adjust for inflation.

36 For more information, see CRS Report R43517, Recently Expired Charitable Tax Provisions ("Tax Extenders"): In Brief, by Jane G. Gravelle and Molly F. Sherlock.

37 For more information, see CRS Report RL34608, Tax Issues Relating to Charitable Contributions and Organizations, by Jane G. Gravelle and Molly F. Sherlock.

38 For more information on the provision allowing tax-free distributions from retirement accounts for charitable contributions, see CRS Report RS22766, Qualified Charitable Distributions from Individual Retirement Accounts: Features and Legislative History, by John J. Topoleski.

39 For general background on energy tax policy, see CRS Report R43206, Energy Tax Policy: Issues in the 113th Congress, by Molly F. Sherlock and CRS Report R41227, Energy Tax Policy: Historical Perspectives on and Current Status of Energy Tax Expenditures, by Molly F. Sherlock.

40 For more information, see CRS Report R43453, The Renewable Electricity Production Tax Credit: In Brief, by Molly F. Sherlock.

41 When first enacted, the PTC was only available for wind and closed-loop biomass technologies. Over time, Congress has expanded the list of qualifying technologies.

42 For more information, see CRS Report R42089, Residential Energy Tax Credits: Overview and Analysis, by Margot L. Crandall-Hollick and Molly F. Sherlock.

43 For more information, see CRS Report R43541, Recently Expired Community Assistance Related Tax Provisions ("Tax Extenders"): In Brief, by Sean Lowry.

44 For more information, see CRS Report R40523, Tax Credit Bonds: Overview and Analysis, by Steven Maguire.

45 For more information, see CRS Report RL34402, New Markets Tax Credit: An Introduction, by Donald J. Marples and Sean Lowry.

46 For background on empowerment zones, see CRS Report R41639, Empowerment Zones, Enterprise Communities, and Renewal Communities: Comparative Overview and Analysis, by Donald J. Marples.

47 For general background on tax-exempt bonds, see CRS Report RL30638, Tax-Exempt Bonds: A Description of State and Local Government Debt, by Steven Maguire.

48 For background on disaster-related tax provisions, see CRS Report R42839, Tax Provisions to Assist with Disaster Recovery, by Erika K. Lunder, Carol A. Pettit, and Jennifer Teefy.

49 For background on multiemployer defined benefit pension plans, see CRS Report R43305, Multiemployer Defined Benefit (DB) Pension Plans: A Primer and Analysis of Policy Options, by John J. Topoleski.

50 Joint Committee on Taxation, Estimated Budget Effects of an Amendment in the Nature of a Substitute to H.R. 3474, the "Expiring Provisions Improvement, Reform, and Efficiency ('EXPIRE') Act of 2014," Scheduled for Consideration by the Senate, 113th Cong., May 15, 2014, JCX-51-14.

51 In the Senate, the EXPIRE Act became an amendment to H.R. 3474, and a motion to end debate on H.R. 3474 was voted down on May 15, 2014.

52 The Jobs for America Act (H.R. 4) contained the text of a number already-passed House bills.

53 For more information, see CRS Report RL31181, Research Tax Credit: Current Law and Policy Issues for the 113th Congress, by Gary Guenther.

54 For more information, see CRS Report RL31852, Section 179 and Bonus Depreciation Expensing Allowances: Current Law, Legislative Proposals in the 113th Congress, and Economic Effects, by Gary Guenther.

55 For more information, see CRS Report RL31852, Section 179 and Bonus Depreciation Expensing Allowances: Current Law, Legislative Proposals in the 113th Congress, and Economic Effects, by Gary Guenther.

56 Full details, including the cost of extending individual provisions, can be found in CRS Report R42894, An Overview of the Tax Provisions in the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, by Margot L. Crandall-Hollick.

57 In addition to extending the PTC for wind, provisions enacted under ATRA changed the expiration date from a place-in-service deadline to a construction start date. Thus, facilities for which construction begins prior to the deadline qualify for the tax credit. Previously, facilities were required to be placed in service to qualify. This change was made for all qualifying technologies, not just wind.

58 Ethanol was given a partial exemption from the gas tax under the Energy Policy Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-618). The exemption was replaced with the Volumetric Ethanol Excise Tax Credit (VEETC) under the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 (P.L. 108-357).

59 For more information, see CRS Report R41635, ARRA Section 1603 Grants in Lieu of Tax Credits for Renewable Energy: Overview, Analysis, and Policy Options, by Phillip Brown and Molly F. Sherlock.

60 For more information, see CRS Report RL31852, Section 179 and Bonus Depreciation Expensing Allowances: Current Law, Legislative Proposals in the 113th Congress, and Economic Effects, by Gary Guenther.

61 For more information on temporary tax provisions as disaster relief, see CRS Report R42839, Tax Provisions to Assist with Disaster Recovery, by Erika K. Lunder, Carol A. Pettit, and Jennifer Teefy.

 

END OF FOOTNOTES
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