Tax Court Announces Guidance on In-Person Proceedings

UNITED STATES TAX COURT
Washington, D.C. 20217

October 5, 2021

On August 27, 2021, the Court announced that, in its Winter 2022 Term, the Court expects to begin conducting in-person proceedings. A limited number of in-person special sessions have been scheduled. To provide guidance with respect to in-person proceedings, the Court has posted a new publication, Court Standards and Protocols to Protect Public Health, to its COVID-19 Resources page. A summary of the Washington, D.C. courthouse protocols is attached to this press release.

The Court has also issued Administrative Order 2021-02, Washington, D.C. Courthouse Access. The Administrative Order provides information specific to the Washington, D.C. courthouse for the purpose of observing in-person proceedings.

If you have any questions, contact the Public Affairs Office at (202) 521-3355.

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United States Tax Court
Summary of Standards and Protocols

Applicable to Entry for Any Visitor to the Washington, D.C. Courthouse

Public Access for Scheduled In-Person Proceedings

In-person Court proceedings in Washington, D.C. are open to the public and press. Individuals are permitted courthouse entry, subject to the Court's COVID-19 protocols, on a first-come, first-served basis until the courtroom has reached physical distancing capacity. When courtroom capacity is reached, no additional visitors are admitted. Visitor access is restricted to designated areas in the Court. Members of the press are included in the definition of “visitor.”

COVID-19 Vaccination or Negative Test Result

Upon arrival, visitors are required to show proof of full vaccination or a negative test result from a test taken within 72 hours. The Court will not handle, retain, or copy these documents.

Face Coverings

All visitors are responsible for providing their own properly fitting mask and wearing it at all times when in the courthouse. The presiding judge may exercise discretion and allow a testifying witness or examining counsel to remove their masks, under certain circumstances.

Contactless Check-in for Contact Tracing

To support contact tracing, the presiding judge may provide a QR code to trial participants in advance of the trial to allow registration of attendance. The QR code is also posted outside the courthouse and courtroom for all participants and visitors to access the registration form from a mobile device.

Court Visitor Health Screening

Before entering the courthouse, all visitors are asked to self-certify that the answer to each of the COVID-19 health screening questions is “no.” Signage with the questions is located on the exterior of the courthouse near the entrance doors. If the answer to any of the screening questions is “yes,” the visitor should not enter the courthouse.

All visitors are required to check their temperature upon arrival. A temperature check machine is located outside of the Court Security Office. If the visitor registers a temperature of 100.4o Fahrenheit or higher, the visitor should exit the courthouse.

Courtroom Procedures

Court visitors are required to maintain appropriate physical distancing. Signage and demarcations provide physical distancing directions for gallery seating.

Effective October 5, 2021

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October 5, 2021

Administrative Order No. 2021-02

Subject: Washington, D.C. Courthouse Access

I. Background

On March 13, 2020, the President of the United States declared a national emergency concerning the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). On March 20, 2020, the United States Tax Court courthouse in Washington, D.C. was closed to the public. The Court has remained closed to the public since March 2020 and continues to closely monitor the public health emergency created by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Currently, safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines are widely available in the United States and one (Pfizer-BioNTech) has received full approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration. The Court now plans to commence in-person Court proceedings in Washington, D.C. To protect the health and safety of the public and Court staff, the Court is allowing visitors entry into the Court building solely for the purpose of providing public access to observe scheduled Court proceedings.

II. Visitor Access

Effective October 12, 2021, visitors may be admitted to the United States Tax Court building in Washington, D.C. for the purpose of observing in-person Court proceedings. Visitors will be required to show proof of full vaccination against COVID-19 or a negative test result from a test taken within 72 hours. No additional visitors will be allowed to enter after the courtroom occupancy capacity for physical distancing is reached.

III. U.S. Marshals Service

Effective October 12, 2021, the United States Marshals Service for the District of Columbia must ensure that all employees or contractors of the U.S. Marshals Service entering the Courthouse, including court security officers, provide attestations that they are fully vaccinated against COVID-19 or are being subjected to weekly or twice-weekly COVID-19 testing.

Maurice B. Foley
Chief Judge

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COURT STANDARDS AND PROTOCOLS TO PROTECT PUBLIC HEALTH

First Edition October 5, 2021

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Table of Contents

Summary of Standards and Protocols

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Safety and Mitigation Measures

Court Standards and Protocols

Appendix A: Court Physical Space Data

Appendix B: QR Code for Contactless Check-in

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Summary of Standards and Protocols

Applicable to Entry for Any Visitor to the Washington, D.C. Courthouse

Public Access for Scheduled In-Person Proceedings

In-person Court proceedings in Washington, D.C. are open to the public and press. Individuals are permitted courthouse entry, subject to the Court's COVID-19 protocols, on a first-come, first-served basis until the courtroom has reached physical distancing capacity. When courtroom capacity is reached, no additional visitors are admitted. Visitor access is restricted to designated areas in the Court. Members of the press are included in the definition of “visitor.”

COVID-19 Vaccination or Negative Test Result

Upon arrival, visitors are required to show proof of full vaccination or a negative test result from a test taken within 72 hours. The Court will not handle, retain, or copy these documents.

Face Coverings

All visitors are responsible for providing their own properly fitting mask and wearing it at all times when in the courthouse. The presiding judge may exercise discretion and allow a testifying witness or examining counsel to remove their masks, under certain circumstances.

Contactless Check-in for Contact Tracing

To support contact tracing, the presiding judge may provide a QR code to trial participants in advance of the trial to allow registration of attendance. The QR code is also posted outside the courthouse and courtroom for all participants and visitors to access the registration form from a mobile device.

Court Visitor Health Screening

Before entering the courthouse, all visitors are asked to self-certify that the answer to each of the COVID-19 health screening questions is “no.” Signage with the questions is located on the exterior of the courthouse near the entrance doors. If the answer to any of the screening questions is “yes,” the visitor should not enter the courthouse.

All visitors are required to check their temperature upon arrival. A temperature check machine is located outside of the Court Security Office. If the visitor registers a temperature of 100.4o Fahrenheit or higher, the visitor should exit the courthouse.

Courtroom Procedures

Court visitors are required to maintain appropriate physical distancing. Signage and demarcations provide physical distancing directions for gallery seating.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Safety and Mitigation Measures

COVID-19 Spread and Protection

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “COVID-19 spreads when an infected person breathes out droplets and very small particles that contain the virus. These droplets and particles can be breathed in by other people or land on their eyes, noses, or mouth. In some circumstances, they may contaminate surfaces they touch. People who are closer than 6 feet from the infected person are most likely to get infected.”¹ According to the CDC, “Anyone infected with COVID-19 can spread it, even if they do NOT have symptoms.”² The CDC advises that COVID-19 is spread in three main ways:

• Breathing in air when close to an infected person who is exhaling small droplets and particles that contain the virus.

• Having these small droplets and particles that contain virus land on the eyes, nose, or mouth, especially through splashes and sprays like a cough or sneeze.

• Touching eyes, nose, or mouth with hands that have the virus on them.³

According to the CDC, “The Delta variant causes more infections and spreads faster than earlier forms of the virus that causes COVID-19. It might cause more severe illness than previous strains in unvaccinated people.”⁴ Vaccines continue to be highly effective at preventing hospitalization and death from the Delta variant, and fully vaccinated people who contract a breakthrough infection appear to be infectious for a shorter period. The CDC accordingly emphasizes the need for vaccination and masking measures.⁵

Vaccinated Individuals

According to the CDC, “For people who are vaccinated and still get infected (i.e., 'breakthrough infections'), there is a risk of transmission to others.”⁶ If you are fully vaccinated, “to reduce the risk of being infected with the Delta variant and possibly spreading it to others, wear a mask indoors in public if you are in an area of substantial or high transmission.”⁷

In general, people are considered fully vaccinated if they meet the following criteria:

• 2 weeks after their second dose in a 2-dose series, such as the Pfizer or Moderna vaccines, or

• 2 weeks after a single-dose vaccine, such as Johnson & Johnson's Janssen vaccine.

If the above requirements are not met, an individual is NOT fully vaccinated and should take all precautions recommended for unvaccinated individuals.⁸ In situations where a fully vaccinated individual has a condition or is taking medications that weaken their immune system; if, because of their age or an underlying medical condition, they are at increased risk for severe disease; or if a member of their household has a weakened immune system, is at increased risk for severe disease, or is unvaccinated the CDC advises that such individuals may need to wear a mask.⁹

The CDC advises that “preliminary evidence suggests that fully vaccinated people who do become infected with the Delta variant can spread the virus to others. To reduce their risk of becoming infected with the Delta variant and potentially spreading it to others” fully vaccinated people should “[f]ollow any applicable federal, state, local, tribal, or territorial laws, rules, and regulations.”¹⁰

Unvaccinated Individuals

The CDC guidance to protect the health of unvaccinated individuals advises such individuals to:

• Get a COVID-19 vaccine when it is available.

• Wear a mask:

  • in indoor public places if 2 years of age or older

  • when traveling on a plane, bus, train, or other form of public transportation traveling into, within, or out of the United States and in U.S. transportation hubs such as airports and stations.

• Stay 6 feet away from others who do not live in the same household.

• Avoid crowds and poorly ventilated spaces.

• Wash hands often.

• Cover coughs and sneezes.

• Clean and disinfect.

• Monitor health daily.¹¹

Guidance for Wearing Masks

According to the CDC “masks should completely cover the nose and mouth and fit snugly against the sides of face without gaps.”¹² “It is especially important to wear a mask when you are indoors with people you do not live with and when you are unable to stay at least 6 feet apart since COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact with one another.”¹³

Types of Masks

The CDC recommends the following types of masks:

• medical procedure masks (sometimes referred to as surgical masks or disposable face masks),

• masks that fit properly (snugly around the nose and chin with no large gaps around the sides of the face),

• masks made with breathable fabric (such as cotton),

• masks made with tightly woven fabric (i.e., fabrics that do not let light pass through when held up to a light source),

• masks with two or three layers, or

• masks with inner filter pockets.¹⁴

Face Shields and Goggles

“CDC does not recommend using face shields or goggles as a substitute for masks. Goggles or other eye protection may be used in addition to a mask. . . . However, wearing a mask may not be feasible in every situation for some people. For example, people who interact with those who are deaf or hearing impaired may find that a face shield is better than a mask when communicating.”¹⁵

Physical Distancing

“Physical distancing” (or “social distancing”) means individuals stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arm lengths) from other people who are not from the individual's household.¹⁶

“Close contact through proximity and duration of exposure” is defined as when “[s]omeone was less than 6 feet away from infected person (laboratory-confirmed or a clinical diagnosis) for a cumulative total of 15 minutes or more over a 24-hour period (for example, three individual 5-minute exposures for a total of 15 minutes). An infected person can spread SARS-CoV-2 starting from 2 days before they have any symptoms (or, for asymptomatic patients, 2 days before the positive specimen collection date), until they meet the criteria for ending isolation.”¹⁷

Ventilation

According to the CDC, “SARS-CoV-2 viral particles spread between people more readily indoors than outdoors. . . . When indoors, ventilation mitigation strategies can help reduce viral particle concentration. The lower the concentration, the less likely viral particles can be inhaled into the lungs (potentially lowering the inhaled dose); contact eyes, nose, and mouth; or fall out of the air to accumulate on surfaces. Protective ventilation practices and interventions can reduce the airborne concentrations and reduce the overall viral dose to occupants.”¹⁸ The CDC recommends various interventions, including:

• Increase the introduction of outdoor air.

• Ensure ventilation systems operate properly and provide acceptable indoor air quality for the current occupancy level for each space.

• Rebalance or adjust HVAC systems to increase total airflow to occupied spaces when possible.

• Turn off any demand-controlled ventilation (DCV) controls that reduce air supply based on occupancy or temperature during occupied hours.

• Improve central air filtration.

• Ensure restroom exhaust fans are functional and operating at full capacity when the building is occupied.

• Use portable high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) fan/filtration systems to enhance air cleaning.

• Generate clean-to-less-clean air movement by evaluating (and as necessary repositioning) the supply louvers, exhaust air grilles, and/or damper settings.

• Use ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) as a supplemental treatment to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 when options for increasing room ventilation and filtration are limited.

• In non-residential settings, run the HVAC system at maximum outside airflow for 2 hours before and after the building is occupied.¹⁹

Court Standards and Protocols

Baseline Standards

As a general rule, the Court's standards and protocols to protect public health use the CDC guidance in effect at a given time as the baseline. For those trials held in a courthouse or other building that has more rigorous standards and protocols, however, the Court will adhere to the more rigorous standards and protocols.

Court Ventilation

Fresh air circulates through the Washington, D.C. courthouse and the other trial courtrooms used by the Court during the day. Incoming fresh air is mixed with some of the conditioned air while some of the conditioned air is exhausted out of the building.

In the Washington, D.C. courthouse, a minimum of 20 to 25 percent of fresh air circulates daily to mix with the conditioned airflow, MERV 13 (Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value) air filters are used, and ultra-violet lighting is used in the air handler to kill any outside bacteria and viruses that could be floating in the air.

The courtroom ventilation in the other trial cities in which the Court holds trials is dependent on the building in which the Court's space is located. See Appendix A, Court Physical Space Data. Use of other courtrooms is determined on a case-by-case basis and only proceeds after a determination by the Facilities Manager, in consultation with the Chief Judge and Clerk, that the ventilation mitigation strategies put in place to reduce viral particle concentration are comparable to those in the Washington, D.C. courthouse.

Court Cleaning

Enhanced cleaning and disinfecting are conducted by the General Services Administration (GSA) in all buildings used by the Court following a COVID-19 incident if 72 hours or less have passed since the affected person was last in the space.

Entering and Exiting the Court

Washington D.C. Courthouse Vaccination or Negative Test Result

In-person Court proceedings in Washington, D.C. are open to the public and press. Individuals are permitted entry, subject to the Court's COVID-19 protocols, on a first-come, first-served basis until the courtroom has reached physical distancing capacity.

The COVID-19 protocols for entry into the courthouse include the requirement that visitors show proof of full vaccination or a negative test result from a test taken within 72 hours. The Court will not handle, retain, or copy these documents.

Face Coverings

For the Washington, D.C. courthouse, all visitors, regardless of vaccination status, must wear a mask to enter the building and at all times when in the courthouse. For trials in cities other than Washington, D.C., all visitors must follow the local building's mask requirements.

The Tax Court's mask requirements generally apply in the courtroom as well. The presiding judge may exercise discretion, however, and allow a testifying witness to remove that witness' mask when testifying behind the plexiglass shield in the witness box or allow counsel to remove counsel's mask when questioning the witness, so long as counsel maintains the 6-foot physical distancing requirement. The presiding judge or trial clerk will review the applicable face covering requirements with trial participants during pre-trial discussions.

All visitors are responsible for providing their own masks.

Contactless Check-in for Contact Tracing

The presiding judge may provide a QR code for contactless check-in to all trial participants before the day of the trial. The QR code is also posted at the entrance to the courtroom and the entrance to the Washington, D.C. courthouse for all other court visitors.

The QR code may be scanned with a cell phone, tablet camera, or any QR code app. See Appendix B, QR Code for Contactless Check-in. Once scanned, the code links to a short check-in form. The Court will automatically receive responses once the form is submitted. The questions can be changed to Español by selecting the drop-down arrow in the upper right corner next to English on the check-in form. The check-in questions for contact tracing are:

Upon submission of the responses, the visitor will receive an auto-generated notification with instructions to contact the Clerk at covidreporting@ustaxcourt.gov in the case of suspected or diagnosed COVID-19 as detailed under Contact Tracing Protocol.

Court Visitor Health Screening

Health Screening Questions

Before entering the courthouse, all visitors (including trial participants and observers), are asked to self-certify that the answer to each of the following health screening questions is “no.”

If the answer to any of the screening questions is “yes,” the visitor should not enter the courthouse. If such visitor is a trial participant, such person should contact the trial clerk (as directed by the trial clerk) or Clerk's office (at covidreporting@ustaxcourt.gov) as soon as possible. Throughout the trial, trial participants are to report any change in their health and the health of those they live with or have had close contact with immediately. The trial may be canceled, rescheduled, or converted to remote in the event of illness.

The screening questions are:

Signage with the questions is located on the exterior of the Washington, D.C. courthouse near the entrance doors and on the external facing doors of the courtrooms. The signage explains that entry is not allowed for anyone experiencing COVID-19 symptoms.

The judge or trial clerk will notify trial participants of any additional entry requirements, as applicable, for the buildings where the Court holds trials outside of Washington, D.C.

Temperature Checks

All visitors are required to comply with building requirements for entrance, including temperature checks as needed. A temperature check machine is located outside of the Court Security Office for those trials held in Washington, D.C.

Security Entry Procedures

Trial participants (petitioner, respondent, witness, interpreter, and court reporter) will enter the building (Washington, D.C.) or courtroom (field courtrooms) at times established by the presiding judge. Trial observers may not enter until 15 minutes before the time the trial is set to begin.

The entrance for the Washington, D.C. courthouse is through the Court Security Office, located at the 2nd Street and E Street corner of the courthouse. Signage is located at the entrance to indicate 6-foot spacing for those waiting in line for the health and security procedures. In the event of inclement weather, those waiting in line for entry are to wait in line under the cantilever portion of the building on the monumental staircase at 6-foot intervals as designated with signage. Upon entry, security officers will verify identification, but will not handle or retain the visitor's identification.

Washington, D.C. Courthouse

Elevator and Stairs

In the Washington, D.C. courthouse, a dedicated elevator for courtroom visitors is available during trial sessions. The dedicated elevator will only provide access to the third floor and the ground floor.

Dedicated stairwells (one for those walking up and one for those walking down) are available for trial participants. The dedicated stairwells provide access only to the third floor and the ground floor.

Counsel Rooms and Bathrooms

There are three courtrooms on the third floor of the Tax Court's Washington, D.C. courthouse. Only one trial is in session at any time, and the courtrooms that are not in use for the trial proceedings are designated for use by the parties as counsel rooms. The bathrooms associated with these courtrooms are available for litigants and witnesses. Otherwise, witnesses not present in the courtroom are to sit on benches outside the courtroom, which are marked for physical distancing.

Exiting the Courthouse

Visitors will exit the Washington, D.C. courthouse at a dedicated exit on the plaza side of the building (corner of 2nd Street and D Street). Security and Facilities personnel will direct visitors to this exit.

Courtroom Procedures

Scheduling Trials

In an attempt to limit numbers and safeguard trial participants, the Tax Court will schedule only one trial session at a time in a particular city.

Pre-Trial Conference

The presiding judge is encouraged to confer with the parties before trial to review issues that may arise relating to COVID-19.

Face Coverings

Consistent with current CDC guidance, the Court requires all visitors, regardless of vaccination status to wear a mask in the Washington, D.C. courthouse and in the Tax Court's field courtrooms. The presiding judge has the discretion to implement stricter requirements for visitors if the CDC relaxes guidance regarding face coverings. The presiding judge may exercise discretion and allow a testifying witness to remove that witness' mask when testifying behind the plexiglass shield in the witness box or allow counsel to remove counsel's mask when questioning the witness, so long as counsel maintains the 6-foot physical distancing requirement.

All trial participants and observers are responsible for providing their own masks.

Reasonable Accommodations

If a trial participant is unable to wear a mask, the judge has discretion to consider reasonable accommodations.

Disposable Masks

Although all courtroom visitors are responsible for providing their own masks, the Court has a limited number of disposable masks available for courtroom visitors who do not have appropriate face coverings.

Courtroom Layout for Physical Distancing

Trials are conducted in a manner that allows for trial participants and observers to practice physical distancing (i.e., 6 feet apart), with limited exceptions. To meet this requirement, adjustments are made in certain courtrooms (e.g., counsel tables are moved or temporary tables are in place).

An exception to this physical distancing requirement is permitted:

• for visitors who are fully vaccinated,

• for visitors who reside in the same household,

• for counsel/taxpayer representatives who choose not to physically distance from each other or their clients,

• for the court reporter, and

• for witnesses while testifying behind plexiglass.

Physical distancing signage and demarcations are placed throughout the courtroom, including in the gallery for trial observers.

Sanitation Supplies and Protocols

Hand sanitizer and disinfectant wipes are located at the entrance to the courtroom, on counsel tables, the witness stand, the court reporter's table, the trial clerk's stand, and the judge's bench.

Witness Stand

The judge will ask each witness to sanitize the witness stand by cleaning the area with disinfectant wipes before leaving. If additional cleaning measures of the witness stand or other parts of the courtroom are necessary, the Court will recess to permit enhanced cleaning.

Questioning Witnesses and Responding to the Judge

Questioning of witnesses and responding to the judge takes place from a counsel table, not at a lectern. Trial participants are not to approach the bench except as expressly directed by the judge. Microphones in Tax Court courtrooms are used by court reporters to record the testimony at trial. The court reporter is responsible for use of microphone covers during trial and for replacing microphone covers between witnesses.

Electronic Evidence and Exhibits

To the extent possible, the parties present all proposed exhibits and other evidence in electronic format. The Court has tablets for testifying witnesses, on which the proposed exhibits and other evidence are downloaded before the trial begins. The Court and the litigants are expected to access the proposed exhibits and other evidence from their own devices. Litigants should download the materials necessary before trial, as wireless connectivity varies in the Tax Court courtrooms.

The presiding judge should facilitate agreement in advance of trial in the event it is necessary to present physical evidence and exhibits so that appropriate physical distancing is maintained. Hand sanitizer or non-latex gloves are used to ensure the safe handling of physical evidence.

Confidential Communications Between Counsel, Representatives, and Parties

Judges should consider modifications to typical trial procedures to accommodate counsel's and taxpayer representative's need to confer with each other and their clients during trial while maintaining appropriate physical distancing.

Court Reporter

The Court, to the extent possible, will only hire verified fully vaccinated court reporters. If not fully vaccinated, such court reporter is required to wear a mask and maintain 6 feet of physical distance from all visitors present in the courthouse.

Court Interpreters

Counsel should advise the Court in advance if any witnesses will need the assistance of an interpreter and the language for which interpretation is necessary. The Court will then work to provide such service consistent with the Courtroom Standards and Protocols to Protect Public Health.

Low-Income Taxpayer Clinic and Bar Sponsored Program Representatives

As necessary, the Court will contact the appropriate Low-income Taxpayer Clinics and bar sponsored programs regarding the Courtroom Standards and Protocols to Protect Public Health and to gauge the number of representatives attending the trial.

Court Visitors to Observe the Trial

Court visitors who are present to observe the (trial observers) are required to maintain appropriate physical distancing. Seating locations for trial observers in the gallery have physical distancing signage and demarcations to provide direction.

Contact Tracing Protocol

If a Court visitor is suspected of having or diagnosed with COVID-19, or during the previous 14 days was in close contact with anyone suspected of having or diagnosed with COVID-19, the visitor must notify the trial clerk (as directed by the trial clerk) or Clerk's office (at covidreporting@ustaxcourt.gov) and leave the courthouse immediately. If the trial participant is not yet in the courthouse, the participant should contact the trial clerk and not report to the courthouse.

The trial clerk should notify the Clerk and the Facilities Manager of the incident. The Court will notify courtroom visitors, based upon the completed U.S. Tax Court Check-in Form, of the incident. The Facilities Manager will contact GSA. GSA will notify any other tenants and coordinate enhanced cleaning as appropriate (see Court Cleaning).

Upon learning of a trial participant as described above, the presiding judge will consult with petitioner, petitioner's representative, and respondent. Based on the information gathered, the Chief Judge, Clerk, and presiding judge will determine: (1) whether the trial participant can continue to participate in the trial and, if so, in what manner, to ensure the safety of the other trial participants; (2) if the trial participant cannot continue to participate in the trial, whether the trial can proceed without the trial participant; and (3) whether the trial participant's suspected or confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis or potential exposure to COVID-19 is cause for continuing the trial or pivoting to a remote trial. The Court will take into account the vaccination rate and COVID-19 positivity rate in the trial city when determining how to proceed.

Visitors who are not fully vaccinated and were in close contact with the suspected or confirmed COVID-19 case should self-isolate or quarantine in accordance with CDC guidance.²⁰

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Appendix A: Court Physical Space Data

U.S. Tax Court Trial Cities		Type of Building	Percent Fresh Air*	MERV	Courtroom Capacity	Physical Distancing Capacity
Alabama	Birmingham
	Mobile	Courthouse		13	40	20
Alaska	Anchorage	Courthouse		11	48	24
Arizona	Phoenix	Courthouse	10%	15	60	30
Arkansas	Little Rock	Courthouse and Federal building
California	Fresno	Courthouse and Federal building
	Los Angeles	Courthouse and Federal building		11	87	43
	San Diego	Federal building			80	40
	San Francisco	Courthouse and Federal building	100%**	13	not available
Colorado	Denver	Courthouse	as much as possible	13	86	43
Connecticut	Hartford	Courthouse and Federal building	15% min.	14	35	17
District of Columbia		Headquarters	25%	13
		Center Courtroom			140	60
		North Courtroom			60	30
		South Courtroom			60	30
Florida	Jacksonville	Courthouse	100%**	13	49	24
	Miami	Federal building	21%	11	50	25
	Tallahassee	Federal building		13	40	20
	Tampa	Federal building		13	42	21
Georgia	Atlanta	Courthouse and Federal building	10%	8	70	35
Hawaii	Honolulu	Courthouse and Federal building
Idaho	Boise	Courthouse		8	75	35
	Pocatello	Courthouse
Illinois	Chicago	Federal building		15	55	27
	Peoria	Federal building		13	60	30
Indiana	Indianapolis	Courthouse and Federal building	20%	13	40	20
Iowa	Des Moines	Courthouse		13	25	12
Kansas	Wichita	Courthouse		13	50	25
Kentucky	Louisville	Courthouse/Custom House			35	17
Louisiana	New Orleans	Federal building/Custom House	10%	8	76	38
	Shreveport	Courthouse and Federal building
Maine	Portland	Courthouse		11	30	15
Maryland	Baltimore	Courthouse		13	60	30
Massachusetts	Boston	Courthouse/Post Office	100CFM	13	50	25
Michigan	Detroit	Courthouse	200CFM	8	27	13
Minnesota	St. Paul	Courthouse and Federal building	10% min.	15	116	58
Mississippi	Jackson
Missouri	Kansas City	Courthouse	10% min.	14	not available
	St. Louis	Courthouse	as much as possible	14	not available
Montana	Billings	Courthouse		11	60	30
	Helena	Courthouse
Nebraska	Omaha	Courthouse		13	200	100
Nevada	Las Vegas	Courthouse and Federal building	10%	14	46	23
	Reno	Courthouse and Federal building	20%	10	100	50
New Mexico	Albuquerque	Courthouse
New York	Albany	Courthouse		13	75	35
	Buffalo	Courthouse		14	75	35
	New York City	Federal Building		13	65	32
	Syracuse	Courthouse and Federal building
North Carolina	Winston-Salem	Federal Building			48	24
North Dakota	Bismarck	Courthouse		11	80	40
Ohio	Cincinnati	Courthouse	20%	13	35	17
	Cleveland	Federal Building	60%	13	88	44
	Columbus	Courthouse and Federal building
Oklahoma	Oklahoma City	Courthouse and Federal building	15-20%	8	56	28
Oregon	Portland	Courthouse
Pennsylvania	Philadelphia	Federal building/Custom House	100%	11	53	26
	Pittsburgh	Federal building	20% min.	13	not available
South Carolina	Columbia	Federal building			48	24
South Dakota	Aberdeen	Courthouse
Tennessee	Knoxville	Courthouse
	Memphis	Courthouse and Federal building			45	22
	Nashville	Courthouse and Federal building		13	100	50
Texas	Dallas	Courthouse and Federal building			62	31
	El Paso	Courthouse
	Houston	Courthouse			55	27
	Lubbock	Courthouse
	San Antonio		100%	10
	Cleveland
	Columbus	Courthouse
Utah	Salt Lake City	Courthouse and Federal building	100%	10	not available
Vermont	Burlington	Federal Building		14	60	30
Virginia	Richmond	Courthouse and Federal building
	Roanoke	Courthouse		13	50	25
Washington	Seattle	Courthouse	20% min.	13	38	19
	Spokane	Courthouse
West Virginia	Charleston	Courthouse
Wisconsin	Milwaukee	Courthouse and Federal building			28	14
Wyoming	Cheyenne	Courthouse		8	40	20
*The climate control systems of some buildings use a mix of outside air to regulate temperatures, therefore the mix at any one time is dependent upon the outside climate versus desired indoor temperature. **HVAC system does not recirculate any air. Thus, all air circulated through the HVAC system comes from the outside.

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Appendix B: QR Code for Contactless Check-in